Researches on the Normal Butenes Citation Dillon, Robert Troutman and Young, William Gould (1929) Researches on the Normal Butenes. Dissertation (Ph.D.), California Institute of Technology. doi:10.7907/9TNB-D116. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-03222005-100208 Abstract No abstract. Item Type: Thesis (Dissertation (Ph.D.)) Subject Keywords: Chemistry Degree Grantor: California Institute of Technology Division: Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Major Option: Chemistry Thesis Availability: Public (worldwide access) Research Advisor(s): Lucas, Howard J. Thesis Committee: Unknown, Unknown Defense Date: 1 January 1929 Funders: Funding Agency Grant Number American Petroleum Institute UNSPECIFIED E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company UNSPECIFIED Carnegie Institution of Washington UNSPECIFIED Projects: American Petroleum Institute Research Project 14 Record Number: CaltechETD:etd-03222005-100208 Persistent URL: https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-03222005-100208 DOI: 10.7907/9TNB-D116 Default Usage Policy: No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided. ID Code: 1056 Collection: CaltechTHESIS Deposited By: Imported from ETD-db Deposited On: 23 Mar 2005 Last Modified: 03 Oct 2019 23:04 Thesis Files Preview PDF - Final Version See Usage Policy. 2MB Repository Staff Only: item control page

RESE.i\RCHES ON THE NOnM.AL BUTENES Thesis by Robert T. Dillon and William G. Young In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 1929 TABLE OF CONTBNTS 1. Acknowledgments. 2. The Synthesis of 1-Butene. Robert T. Dillon 3. The preparation of .Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide. Robert T. Dillon and 'iifilliam G. Young. 4. The Synthesis of the Isomeric 2-Butenes. William G. Young and hobert T. Dillon 5. The Condensation of Acetaldehyde with Methylmalonic Ester: Methylations with Methyl Bromide. William G. Young 6. The Reaction Rates of Potassium Iodide with 1,2- and 2,3-Dibromobutane and its Application to the Analysis of Mixtures of the Nonnal Butene s. Robert T. Dillon and William G. Young 7. The Probable Mechanism of the Reaction of AlSylene Bromides with Potassium Iodide. Robert T. Dillon. Acknowledgments The authors wish to express their deep appreciation to Professor Howard J. Lucas for his guidance, advice and counsel in the work involved in these researches. They also wish to thank Mrs. A.M.Morrill, Mr. S.E.Parker, Mr. E.H.Searle, and other members of the d~partment, who have cooperated in every way. The first, second, third and fifth papers contain results obtained in an investigation listed as Project 14 of the .American Petroleum Institute Research. Financial assistance in this work has been received from a research fund of the American Petroleum Institute donated by Mr. John D. Rockefeller. This fund was ad- ministered by the Institute with the cooperation of the Central "' Petroleum. Committee of the National Research Council. The fourth and sixth papers were aided financially by grants macle to Professor A.A.Noyes from E.I.duPont de Nemours and Company, Inc. and from the Carnegie Institution of Washington, respectively. 2. THE SYNTHESIS OF 1-BUTENE By Robert T. Dillon THE SYNTHESIS OF 1-BUTENE Introduction The preparation of 1-butene has been carried out in the following ways: (a) the action of zinc diethyl upon vinyl bromide, 1 ( b )° the action of zinc dimethyl upon e.llyl iodide. 2 (c) the catalytic dehydration of 1-butanol over aluminum phosphate, 34 aluminum oxide, 3 band zinc chloride 4 , and (d) the action of alcoholic potash upon 1-• ~bromobutane. 5 Its formation has also been observed in the dehydration of 2-butanol over zinc chloride. 6 and of 2-methyl-2-propanol over aluminum phosphate.3~ In addition two other methods appear feasible: (e) the action of zinc upon 1,2-dibromobutane in a manner similar to the preparation of 2-pentene, 7 and (f) the action of methyl magnesium iodide upon allyl bromide,, similar to the preparation of higher 1-alkenes. 7 • 8 To each of the first methods certain objections can be raised, to wit: in (a) and (b) the presence of the zinc halide in the reaction mixture is objectionable, since zinc salts are known to cause, at high temperatures, a shifting of double bonds; (c) the dehydration of the alcohol leads to the production of more than one hydrocarbon; (d) the yields are poor, due to the formation of an ether, ~~~(e) pure 1,2-dibromobutane is best obtained from bromine and pure I-butene. 2. It seemed reasonable to assume that the method (f) would yield the purest produce, provided the hydrocarbon could be removed from the reaction mixture as soon as formed. The synthesis of 1-butene from methyl magnesium iodide and allyl bromide takes place according to the reaction C~=CH-C~Br + CH 3 Mg:t = CH2 =CH-C~-CH 8 + MgIBr In carrying out this operation it was thought best to modify the original procedure in which the allyl bromide is added slowly to the ethereal solution of the Grignard reagent si~ce, first the temperature of the solution is not sufficiently high for a rapid reaction, second the hydrocarbon has a high solubility in the ether its separation from which is more or less difficult, and third the removal of the product as soon as it is formed is desirable in order to reduce to a minimum the possibility of isomeric change. Accordingly as much of the ether as possible was driven out by heating the ethereal solution of the magnesium compound in an oil bath to 130° after which the temperature of' the bath was dropped to 70° and held there while the allyl bromide was added with constant stirring. The butene was generated immediate- ly at a rate corresponding to the rapidity with which the bromide was added. The purification of the hydrocarbon required the removal of the ether, allyl bromide and methyl iodide. Considerable amounts of ether were carried by the gas even after cooling to about 5°, while the amounts of the halides were much less. The high solubility of outene in methyl and ethyl alcohols, more especially in the latter, precludes the use of these two substances as wash liquids, although 3. when diluted by water to a strength of about thirty percent they will remove some ether and alkyl halide. In one experiment thirty percent methyl alcohol effected a fair removal of these materials. It was found that perchloric acid in water has markedly different solvent powers toward ether and toward butene; for example, a thirtyseven pe4cent solution dissolves approximately two and one half times its own volume of ether on mixing, while it absorbs only fifteen percent of its volume of gaseous 1-butene. The perchloric acid solution is thus a more satisfactory wash liquid than the dilute alcohol. However, some of the higher boiling impurities pass through and condense out with the butene, the final purification of which may be accomplished by fractional distillation through an efficient column cooled to -15° to -18°. Purification by fractional distillation through a cooled column is preferable to repeated distillation from one flask directly into another. The run-back frora the colurrm is at all times fairly large and the separation frora higher boiling material is satisfactory. 4. xperim.ental Preparation of I-butene.- The Grignard reagent was pre- pared in the 3-necked 3-liter flask A (Figure 1) in the usua.l manner from 51 grrun.s (2.1 moles) of m~gnesium turnings, 300 grams (4 moles) of absolute ether, and 284 grams (2.0 moles)of methyl iodide, b.p., 41.5-£ 0 at 744 mm. The contents were agitated by the ~ercury sealed stirrer B and the ether refluxed back by the bulb condenser c. * Stirring was continued for some time after the iodide had been added and theresulting material a.llowi:ld to stand over night in an atmosphere of nitrogen. The next day the liquid was carefully docanted from the unchanged magnesium into a flask similar to A. This was connected to the apparatus, a condenser was attached for down distillation, and the flask vre.s heated rapidly in a.n oil bath with stirring until the temperature of the bath reached 130°. When the rate with which the ether distilled became slow a stream of nitrogen vre.s passed into the flask,+* the heating was discontinued, and the flask was attached to the absorbing train as shown in F'igure 1. As soon as the bath tempere,ture *The inner water-containing bulb of the condenser C was 24 cm. long and 7.3 cm. in diameter, e.nd had therefore a condensing surface of 550 sq.cm. This is equivalent to the con~ensing surface of a Liebig condenser the inner tube of which has an inside die.meter of 1.0 cm. and the jacket of which is 175 cm. long. The distance between the inner a.nd outer walls was made small, 3 m'Tl. in fact, in order to have a small gas space. This is desirable when the condenser is used in a gas stream as the loss of gas for obvious reasons is minimized • .JI:* After removB.l of th':! :other the Grignard reagent is a thick vi.scous mass and re~dily absorbs oxygen ~~d curbon dioxide. J..n inert at~os­ phere is desirable. D ' Legend A A - Reaotion flask, S liter. B - KeraU17 sataled stirrer C - Bulb ooiidenaeT' D - nropppizlg tUnnel E . - Four wash bot-8'1.es F • Dey1ng tower G - Diatilling- !h.ek .kept at -15° t-e -l '7° Figure 1. Apparatus tor preparation tlndi puritication of 1-'butene. 6. dropped to 70°, 232 grams (l.92 moles) of allyl bromide, b.p., 69-70° /' was introduced slcvrly throue;h the droppir:~ funnel D with stirring. The gas, which was evolved at once,** passed throu6h the bulb condenser C cooled by water at 5°, next throug~ four glass stoppered wash bottles E of 200 cc. capacity, the first containing thirty percent methyl alcohol !:l.Jld the other three containing 100 cc. of thirty-seven percent :rnrchloric a.cid to remove ether, thi;n through a tower F filled to a.bout three f'onrths of its oapaoi ty with anhydrous %.lei um chloride and one fo11rth with soda lime, and finally into G, surrounded by a Dew-a.r flask filled with a coolins bath below -l5°C.*** The butene which condensed out :i.n G was purified by fractional distilla.ticn (See Figure 2). *The allyl bromide was prepared from allyl alcohol (b.p., 80-95°), sodium bromide and sulfuric ~cid by the method described in Organic Syntheses (John 1niley and 2ons, Ic-ic., i'Tew York, 1921) Vol. I, p. 15. The bromide was twl0tl ±:'ract1:v_ally di stilled. ~* An excess of a.llyl bromide is indicated by i:nmediate ces:;;ation of gas tvolatior.. Suitable cooling baths a.i'e alcohol-solid carbon dioxide, icesixty percent sulfuric acid, and ice-concentr'.lted hydrochloric acid mixtures. ?. ~)t ><.11. k·x H k~ Jt )( •• I Legend I • Distilling flask. 300cc. H •Jacket tor circulation of brine at ·15° to -17° I - Column of cut glass rings J - Hollow glass nipple K - 'l"herm.ameter graduated in 1/10° L - Four wash bottles M - Drying tower U - Distilling flask similar to G. Figure 2• .Appara'tus tor distilling l-butene. s. Fractional Distillation of 1-butene.- As soon as the generation of the hydrocarbon was over a. flow of sa.1-';; solution at -15 to -17° was started through the jacket H (Figure 2). G was now warmed by water first at 0 to +5° and later at higher temperatures • •r...s the butene boiled it refluxed from the fractionating colu:nn of 5 x 5 mm .. cut glass rings in the tube I. 1'his column, which was 22 cm. long and 2.5 cm. in dia~eter, was supported by the hollow glass nipple J. 9 The thermometer K graduated in 1/10 degree regis- tered the temperature of the gas at the top of the colunm. The gas was further purified by passing through four wash bottles L, one containi::1g thi::ty percent methyl alcohol to remove organic halides and three containing thri ty-seven percent perchloric acid to rem.oire ether and methyl alcohol, next through a tower M containing; soda lime and ca.lciwn chloride, and finally into N, similar in construction to G and kept bolow -15°C. The gas was again fractionally distilled from M and sealed off in suitable tubes. When thirty percent methyl a.1- cohol was used as the wash liquid instead of perchloric acid the product was distilled betvreen the temperature ranges of -6. 6 to -6.3° and -6.8 to -6.5° a.t 748 nun. in the first and ;oecond distillations respt:ctively. In the experiment in which perchloric acid· was t~1e wash liquid the temperature recorded during the first distillation was high due to the f'act that the thermometer bulb was so far up in the apparatus ttat liquid was r:ot condensing upon it. distillation the range was -6. 7 to -6. 5°. In the second The difference in the . ,. bn!ir<i.cter of' the residue re:~,0ic1ing after tl'.:ese distilla.ti.or;s .Ul'.l.lca.tes t~~t perc~loric acid renoves i~purities from the butene beGter 9. than does di lute methyl alcohol. The time ta.ken fer ti1e pre,?!:l.ration, startint;; \·;i th t~ie heating of the Gri..:;nard rea.t;ent lllms about ei.:;hteen hours. This could be shortened considerably by usi:::i.g a. more effici.ent purifying train, since then a. more rapid flow of gas would be possible. The yield is a.bout 43 grams or fo:;ty p'::rcent of the t:..,eory. The s.:nall- :'less of the yield rrw;/ be aGcribed in part to the fa.ct that in the interest of purity a considerable a."11.ount of butene w-as discarded at the beginning and at the ecid of t:rc distillation. The absence of 2-butene in the final product is indicated by the purity of the dibromide obtained by the addition of bromine at -5 to -10°. of' cut ~lass The dibrom.ide was fractionally distilled through a column rin1;;s which wa.s 70 cm. long, 2 cm. in die.meter, and sur- rounded o:i. the outside by a pa.ckint; of mineral 1'!001 5 cm. thick. column had previously served for the and 2,3-dibrom.obutane. sepe.rs.~ion This of a mixture of 1,2- The dibromide from the sy:i.thetic 1-butene dis- tilled al:nost entirely a.t 80.5-.7° under 50.0 ra;n. and gave no indication tha.t 2,3-dibromobutane was present. Its refre.cti·ve index, n~O, was 1. 5152. These constants 1"fere unaffected by subsequent distillation. io. Summary The hydrocarbon 1-butene is conveniently and rapidly prepared by adding allyl bromide to methylma.gnesium bromide at 70° with stirring. The Grigna.rd reagent should be previously hee.ted in a bath at 130° in order to remove as much ether as possible. Dilute perchloric acid is effective in '.'."'Orloving ether from the gas stream.. 11. References 1. Wurtz, Annq 152, 22 (1869). 2. Wurtz, ibid., 144, 234 (1867). 34.Senderens, Comp.rend., 144, 1110 (1907); Bull.soc.chim.,(4) .!_, 689 (1S07); b.Lepingle ~ ibid. 1 ~' 74r;-( 1926): 4. LeBel.and Greene, Compt.rend., 89, 413 (1879). 5. Lieben and Rossi, Ann., 168, 164 (1871); Gra.bowslC'J B.nd Sa.izow; ibid., 179 (1875) ;330 i Micha.el. and Brunel, .Am.Chem.Jour., 41,, 118 ( 1909). 6. Ipatiev and Sdsitovetski, J.Russ.Phys.Chem., 39, 897 (1907). 7. Iirr:aann, Bull.soc.chim., ~·· 988 (1926). 8. Brooks and Humphrey, J • .Am.Chem.Soc., 40; 822 (1918); Norris and Joubert, ibid., 49, 873 (1927). 9. Luclis, Ind.Eng.Chem., 19, 680 (1927). 3. THE PREPARATION OF ANHYDROUS HYDHOGEN IODIDE By Robert T. Dillon and William G. Young THE PREPARA'fION OF ANHYDROUS h--YDROGEN IODIDE Introduction In order to prepare chloroform solutions of anhydrous hydrogen iodide needed in the synthesis of 2-butene it was necessary to develop a process by which the desired gas could be obtained readily in a large quantity • .Anhydrous hydrogen iodide has been prepared by the following methods: (a) passing hydrogen and iodine over platinum,l (b) heating iodine and colophony (resin), 2 (c) dropping water upon iodine and phosphorus, and (d) dropping hydriodic acid upon phosphQrus pentpxide.3 For the purpose desired these methods have certain disadvantages as follows: method {a) is time-consuming and gives a pro- duct containing iodine unless a large excess of hydrogen is used or unless the product is liquified and the hydrogen iodide distilled from the iodine; in method (b), decomposition products of resin are likely contaminants of the hydrogen iodide; in method (c), a considerable amount of phosphorus is reduced to phosphine which is carried along in the gas stream, presumably in the form of phosphonium iodide, and explosions are liable to occur, especially at the beginning of the experiment; in method (d), a small amount of phosphine is formed. 2. On the other hand, the different methods have certain ad- vantages, as follows: by method (a) hydrogen iodide of high purity may be prepared since both the hydrogen and iodine can without difficulty be freed of impurities, and by methods (b), (c) and (d) a rapid evolution of hydrogen iodide may be obtained. Method (c) is the one us-ually employed for quantity production when a pure product is not needed, probably because the apparatus is comparatively sirnple, whereas method (a) is used when a very pure product is desired. Method (b) apparently is not generally recognized since it is mentioned only in standard reference works. It possesses obvious ad- vantages as a rapid laboratory or J.ecture demonstrs.tion preparation. This :r,ethod was not considered by us because of the probable difficulties involved in removing the volatile decomposition products. Method (d) was tried out and an apparatus developed by the use of which pure anhydrous hydrogen iodide could be obtained rapidly in large qua.nti ties. This last is superior to method (c) both as regards the purity of the product and the rate of production. 3. Apparatus and iliethod Approximately 150 grams of concentrated hydriodic acid, sp.gr. 1.7, was placed in a dropping funnel, B, (see figure) and was allowed to drop upon 200 grams of phosphorus pentoxide contained in a half-liter conical flask,, C, closed by a wired-on rubber stopper. A slight air pressure insured a steady flow of the acid into the generating flask. The evolved hydrogen iodide containing truces of iodine, water and phosphine was purified by passage through an allglass apparatus. A glass tube, D, filled with phosphorus pentoxide removed mist produced by the vigorous reaction in the generating flask. Iodine and a part of the phosphonium iodide were taken out by a saturated solution of calcium iodide3a at 0° contained in the bubbler, F. Water was absorbed by phosphorus pentoxide in the tube, G, and small amounts of phosphonium iodide were removed by passage through, H, maintained at -25° to -30° by a cooling bath of ice and concentrated hydrochloric acid. The purified hydrogen iodide may be used as desired. The calcium iodide solution, prepared by dissolving 200 g~ams of the salt in 100 grams of water, removed iodine co~pletely. How- ever, since anhydrous hydrogen iodide in the gaseous state and in solution, for example, in chloroform, is easily oxidized by air and rapidly decomposes when exposed to light, it ~ras necessary to fill the apparatus with nitrogen for the first run and to protect it from light. This latter precaution is of vital importance for obtaining an,.,. iodine-free product because even weak, diffused daylight brings about decomposition. Between runs, in spite of these precautions, A r Legend A - KercuJ"7 seal to re~late air pressure B - Byriodic acid container C - 11y'drogen iodide generator containing P2 05 • 300cc. D - Drying tube containing P2 0 6 E - Satety tube F - Gas washer(spiral bub'&ler).,eontaining saturated CaI 2 solution G - Deying tube containing P2 08 B • Cold trip immersed in ice-HOl bath at -25° to -30° Figure 1. Apparatus tor .Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide. '· traces of iodine developed and for this reason it was necessary to discard tne gas evolved at the beginning of each run. This forma- tion of free iodine may have resulted in part from the presence of some air introduced while the phosphorus pentoxide supply was being replenished. even though the precaution was taken of passing a rapid stream of .nitrogen through the flask before it was connected to the apparatus. Not more than 2 grams of phosphonium iodide crystallized oyt during the preparation of 650 grams of anhydrous hydrogen iodide. Its soluoility in the calcium iodide solution is practically nil since the amount at the end of successive runs increased in proportion to the total hydrogen iodide produced. During each run there was formed in the generating flask a small amount of reddish powder, an intermediate reduction product of the phosphorus pentoxide, which was not investigated. The authors wish to express their appreciation to Professor Howard J. Lucas for his helpful suggestions in the work. 6. Summary 'The description of a method and apparatus is given f'or the rapid formation of pure anhydrous hydrogen iodide. This is generated by dropping concentrated hydriodie acid upon phosphorus pentoxide and purified by bubbling through saturated calcium iodide, drying with phosphorua pentoxide and cooling to -30°. ,. References 1. Bodenstein, Ber., 26, 1146 (1893); :;t.phys.Chem., 13, (1894); 135& Beckman and Wantig-,-z.anorg.Chem., 67, 17 (1910) . - 2. Kastle and Bullock, .Am.Chem.Jour., 18, 105 (1896). 3. (a) A.van den Berghe, Maandbl.Nat., 22, 35 (1898}; (b) Ruff, Ber., 41, 3738 (1908). 4. THE SYNTHESIS OF THE ISOM~IC 2-BUTENES By William. G. Young and hobert T. Dillon THE SYNTHESIS OF THE ISOMERIC 2-BUTENES Introduction It was necessary to prepare the cis- and trans- forms of 2-butene.in a pure condition before a satisfactory method of analysis involving the three normal butenes could be developed. The synthesis of 1-butene has already been reported. 1 The preparation of the isomeric forms of 2-butene from the two naturally occurring o(-methylcrotonic acids, viz., angelic and tiglic acids, has been described by Wislicenus and his coworkers. 2 Since angelic acid is the less stable form, rearranging under the influenee of heat or light to the more stable tiglic acid, it is desirable to use a synthetic method which produces as large a yield of angelic acid as possible. The thermal decomposition of 0(-methyl- o<-hydroxybutyric acid3 serves this purpose. In this work the de- sired hydrocarbons have been synthesized from methylethylketone by the reactions shown in equations 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 • .2) CH 3 CH2 CH(OH)(CH 3 )CN + 2~0 +HCl ;..~ .. QH 3 C~CH(OH)(CH 3 )!,:!00H + NH4 Cl 3) CH 3 C~CH(OH)(CH3)COOH 9Jll CH 3 CH:C(CH 3 )COOH + H2 0 angelic acid tiglic acid 2. 6) CF3 CH:C(CH 3 )COOH + HI --- CH 3 CHICH(CH 3 )COOH 7) CH 3 Cl1Il:H(CH 3 )COOH + Na.2 C0 3 --- CH3 GH:CHCH 3 + Na.I + NaHC0 3 + C0 2 + H~.O In agreement with Wislicenus and his coworkers we obtained the higher boiling isomer from angelic acid and the lower boiling from tiglic acid, but the boiling points of our products were som~what different, being +2.95-3.05° and +0.30-0.40° instead of +2.0-2.7° and +l.0-1.5° respectively. These workers assigned the cis structure to the lower boiling and the ~ structure to the higher boiling hydrocarbons whereas Pfeiffer 4 claimed just the reverse. We prefer Pfeiffer's structures and have used them in this paper. We hope to definitely establish the structure by meas- uring the electric moments of the hydrocarbons and of their dibromides. Tents.ti vely we have assumed that the higher boiling dibromide is the racemic and the lower boiling is the meso form since the recent work of 'ferry and Eichelberger 5 indicates that when bromine adds to the olefine ·oond the addition is trans. Further confirmation is shown by the fact that in the reaction of these dibromides with potassium iodide in methanol the meso isomer has the higher reaction rate. This agrees 'lrith the observation of c.van Duin6 who found that the meso dibromosuccinic acid has a higher reaction rate with potassium iodide in 75% ethanol than the racemic. 3. General Discussion of the Method In the cyanhydrin reaction (Equation 1) the best results were obtained when the procedure usually employed for other compounds 7,s was modified by using a minimum quantity of water, changing the order in which the c.hemicals were added and maintaining a temperature of 35° during the reaction. The hydrolysis of the cyanhydrin (Equation 2) should be carried out at temperatures below 90°, since the resulting acid sublimes rapidly at temperatures above 90°. It is absolutely essential to obtain the Q(-hydroxy- 0(-methylbutyric acid in a high degree of purity since Blaise 3 has shown that when traces of hydrogen chloride are present in the hydroxy acid the yield of angelic acid is very small. This is due to the catalytic effect of hydrogen chloride upon the rate with which angelic acid is converted into the more stable tiglic. In this work a very pure halogen-free product, having a melting point higher than any previously reported was obtained by a single distillation at reduced pressure. This procedure is superior to the previous tedious method of crystallization from benzene, which must be followed by two weeks desiccation over solid sodium hydroxide. tained by different procedures are shown in Table I. The yields ob- 4. TABLE I Comparative Yields of o<-hydroxy- o<-methylbutyric Acid NaCN NaliS0 3 grams 5 grams Methyl ethyl ketone grams Crude cyanhydrin grams 150 315 216 294 168 47.40. 6 165 380 216 314 158 44.Sa 9 53 126 72 90 56 47.sb 11 165 380 216 296 221 62.5c 13 165 380 216 320 228 64.sc 14 165 380 216 317 219 s2.0° Exp. Cl(- hydroxy a(.-methyl butyric acid grams Percent yield a, Method from Systematic Organic L:hemistry, ref. 'I b, Method from Organic Syntheses. ref. 8 c, Method described in this paper. 5. In the decomposition of the hydroxyacid (Equations 3,4,5) the best results were obtained by removing the low boiling decomposition products from the reaction flask as soon as they were formed. A 75-mm. bead column in the neck of the distilling flask effects a satisfactory separation of the lower boiling unsaturated acids from the higher boiling hydroxy acid and lactide \Equation 5). The puri- fication of angelic and tiglic acids involves a separation from o(.ethyl acrylic acid, not previously reported as a product of this decomposition (Equation 4). The effect of temperature upon the rate with which angelic acid is converted into tiglic necessitates low pressure distillations with small quantities of material. By a com- bination of fractional crystallization and fractional distillation through a bead column 50 cm. long, angelic and tiglic acids were obtained in a high degree of purity with yields of twenty percent each. This corresponds to a forty percent conversion of the hydroxy acid into the desired products, which is a six percent higher yield than that reported by Blaise. 3 The addition of anhydrous hydrogen iodide to the unsaturated acids (Equation 6) was carried out in chloroform solution. The hydrogen iodide was generated in an all-glass apparatus by dropping concentrated hydriodic acid upon phosphorus pentoxide.9 The reaction with tiglic acid proceeded satisfactorily, but the conversion of angelic acid into its hydriodi<iswas difficult since the addition compound slowly isomerized into tiglic acid hydriodide. This change was ~ markedly accelerated by iodine, which must not be present in the 6. chloroform solution of hydrogen iodide. ~ven though the reaction flask was kept in the dark at 3° during the seven days required for the completion of the reaction, some iodine was formed. The addition of some "molecular" silver removed the iodine and led to higher yields of the angelic acid derivative, the separation of which from its stable i~omer is described in the experimental part. Great care was taken to obtain these two hydrogen iodide addition compounds in a high state of purity since contamination of either one with ~ome of its isomer would result in a mixture of butenes instead of a pure substance. The decomposition of the above iodo acids into the isomeric 2-butenes (Equation 7) was done in sodium carbonate solution.2 After the materials were mixed at 5°, gas evolution took place in three distinct stages. As the temperature was slowly raised to 20-30°, carbon dioxide was evolved. This was removed from the gas stream by absorp- tion in sodium hydroxide solution. Apparently little or no butene was fonned during this first stage. At higher temperatures butene_ but no carbon dioxide was evolved. Finally above 60°, the carbon dioxide resulting from the decomposition of the sodium bicarbonate swept the apparatus free from butene. The angelic acid derivativ~ was the more stable, as shown by the fact that the second stage started at 30°, whereas the corresponding temperature was 20° for the tiglic acid compound. A rapid increase in temperature during the decomposi- tion of the angelic acid hydriodide resulted in a yield of butene t'Wenty percent higher than that previously reported. This result was 7. anticipated since it was assumed that, of the two possible reactions, decornposi ti on and hydrolysis, the former would have the greater temperature coefficient. The two hydroca.roons, which were .distilled in an ef'ficient fractionating apparatus to be described later, were obtained in a high degree of purity. The di bromides obtained from these hydro- carbons were likewise very pure, as sl:i.own by their boiling points. The yields obtained at the different steps and the physical constants of the various products are shown in Table II. 8. II TABLE Substance M.P. Boiling Point Yield Corr. Corr. -::" oc oc 118 at 13 .o mm. 117 at 12.5 mm. 116 at 12 .o mm. 104.5 at 7.01'1\v.\. 93 a.t 2 .3 nun. Overall Yield ~ 63.0 63.0 20.0 12.6 20.0 12.6 57.9-58.5 44.5 5.3 86.2-86.3 74.0 8.9 65.4 3.4 lower boiling 2-butene·from ( 5) (trans) +0.3-0.4 at 744mm. 84.0 7.5 8 higher boiling 2,3-dibromobutane from (6) (racemic) 75.6-75.8 at 50.0 mm. 95.5 3.2 9 lower boiling 2,3-dibFomobutane from (7) (meso) 72. 7-72.9 at 50.0 mm. 90.0 6.7 (('-hydroxy c<-methyl butyric acid 72.5 2 a.ngeli c acid 45.0-45.5 3 tiglic acid 63.5-64.0 4 angelic acid hydro iodide 5 tiglic acid hydroiodide 6 higher boiling 2-butene from (4) ( cis) +2.95-3.05 at 746 mm. 7 1 85.5-87.5 at 12-13 mm. 95.0-96.0 at ll.5 mm. Substance Density in Vacuo 8 Ra.cemic form d!0 =1. 7916 9 Meso form d •"' 20 =1. 78Si9 4 d25= 1. 7836 4 d25.. 1. 7747 4 Refra.cti ve Index n20.. 1.5147 ng5= 1·5125 D n 20 0 = 1.5116 25 ~ = 1.5092 9. Experimental Part Cl(-Hydroxy- ~-methylbutyric ~·- This acid was obtained through the cyanhydrin reaction from methylethylketone. Crude methyl- ethylketone, b.p. 72-80°, was distilled in a 90 cm. bead column and the fraction distilling at 78-80° was used. In a 3-necked 3-liter falsk equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a reflux condenser and a dropping funnel, was placed 400 grams of cracked ice, 50 grams of water, 165 grams (3.2 moles) of 95% sodium cyanide, and 216 grams (3.0 moles) of methylethylketone, b.p. 78-80°. While the solution was being vigorously stirred, 380 grams of sodium metabisulfite (equivalent to 4.0 moles of sodium bisulfite) in 480 grruns of water ' was introduced from the dropping funnel during the course of 10 to 15 minutes. When all but about 1/4 of the solution })ad been added the temperature had risen to 35°. A cooling bath of ice and water was then placed outside the flask and a temperature of 30-40° was maintained £or 10 minutes after the last of the bisulfite had been added. By this time the reaction was finished. The mixture was cooled to o0 , at which temperature the solubility of the cyanhydrin in the salt solution is negligible. The oily cynahydrin was poured off from the mushy salt layer, 50-100 cc. of water was added to the latter, and the additional oil which rose to the top on shaking was again poured off. The crude cyanhydrin~ 320-330 grams, was hydro- lysed by heating at 90-100~ under a reflux cooler with 400 grams of ·hydrochloric acid (cone. c.p.). It was not advisable to heat the solution above 100°, since considerable hydrogen chloride and 10. C(-hydroxy-0(-methylbutyric acid were lost by volatilization. end of' 7 hours the reaction 111ra.s usually complete. At the The solution was cooled to room temperature and without removal of the large amount of a.rru;ionium chloride, 100 g. of hydrated sodium sulfate was added. This effects a marked decrease in the concentration of the hydrochloric acid, which is largely converted into sodium hydrogens ulfate and sodium chloride. The solution was cooled to -15° and the mixture of , salts was filtered off. 'fhe organic acid was not affected by this treatment since its ionization constant is weaker than the second ionization constant of sulfuric acid. Unless the greater part of the hydrochloric acid was removed, the mutual solubilities of this solution and ether were so large that a considerable a.mount of water and hydrochloric acid dissolved. However, by the procedure adopted a satisfactory extraction of the hydroxy acid by ether could be made. The ether solution was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, the ether was distilled off, and the «.-hydroxy- o(-r;iethyltutyric acid vras puri~\\l-.t."o" Q.'t low ?ressu.res. "The. o.c.\ci "'"'S Cl\•o be fe4r1°Tlt!d b"J fied ~([r.Y stallization from petroleum ether a.t -lb" 11 but this is a. more laborious a.rd less satisfactory process since some hydrogen chloride remains in the product. The yield by the distillation method was 64.5% and the material melted at 72.5° (corr.). 10 In Table I a comparison is made of the yields obtained by different methods. 11. Angelic and Tiglic Acids.- The decomposition of 0(-hydroxy-o(-methylbutyric acid was accomplished by slowly heating approximately 100-125 grams in a 250 cc. round bottom distilling flask provided with a 75 mm. b~ad column in the neck. At a slow rate of heating the decomposition products came over at 150-190°, but if the heating was too rapid considerable hydroxy acid would distill over and the temperature would rise above 190°. It was therefore necessary to heat slowly for a period of 1.5 to 3 hours in order to allow the slow reaction of decomposition to take place. As soon as no more water distilled, the temperature was raised to 210°, the receiver changed, and the temperature carried to 240°. A small amount of undecomposed hydroxy acid came over at 210-215, and considerable lactide at 235-240°. of the original material. The latter represents 20-25% The first fraction, approximately 100 cc., consisted of two phases of approximately equal densities. A separa- tion of the desired unsaturated acids from dissolved water and from the water phase was conveniently accomplished by adding 50 cc. of petroleum ether to 200 cc. of the first distillate (from two decomposition experiments). The petroleum ether solution was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was distilled off. No attempt was made to isolate any methylethylketone present. The residue of unsaturated acids was fractionally distilled at 12 mm. through a 50 cm. bead column. The results of the first distillation, as shown in Table III~ indicate that a satisfactory separation had been made. .After a second distillation at 12 mm. pressure the two 12. TABLE III Unsaturated Acids from Decomposition of ec.-Hydroxy--..-methylbutyric Acid Result of First Fractionation. Fraction . Material Boiling Pt • Pressure Yield 11.0 c % l 11(-ethylacrylic acid 76. 5-63 mm, 12 2 0(-ethylacrylic acid and angelic acid 83-85 12 2.0 3 angelic acid 85-67.5 12 25.0 4 angelic acid and tiglic acid 87. 5-94 12 5.8 5 tiglic acid 94-96 12 17.0 tiglic acid and 96-115 12 2.0 6 Cl(..hydroxy~methyl butyric acid 13. main fractions were cooled. Solid angelic and tiglic acids separa- ted out from the respective fractions and were filtered off on a platinum cone. The mother liquor was again fractionated. The an- gelic and tiglic acid were obtained in a high state of purity by this procedure. The constants are listed in Table II. From the fraction boiling below angelic acid, Cl-ethylacrylic acid,, m.p. -16°,, has been isolated. This 'naterial, which has not previously been reported as a product of this decomposition,, represents 11% of the original hydroxy acid. ~ Hydriodides of .Angelic ~ Tiglic Acids.- The addi- tion of hydrogen iodide to the unsaturated acids was carried out according to the general method of Talbot 5 • Since this operation re- quires careful manipulation, the details of which are not mentioned by Talbot,, it is desirable that the procedure developed in carrying out this step be described in detail. An anhydrous solution of hydrogen iodide (0.6-0.7 N) in chloroform was made by passing pure,, anhydrous hydrogen iodide 9 into 700 cc. of dry chloroform conta:i.ned in a 2-liter pyrex distilling flask_provided with a ground glass stopper carrying an inlet tube reaching nearly to the bottom. The chloroform was kept at -15° and the side-arm,, which constituted the outlet tube,, was provided with a drying tube conta:i.ning Pe0 5 • The concentration of hydrogen iodide was determined at intervals by titrating 2.00 cc. portions against o':l15 N.NaOH. As soon as the required amount of hydrogen iodide 14. was in solution (53.7-57.7 g.) the unse.ture..ted acid (27.0-29.Q; g. dissolved in chloroform) and one gram of molecular silver were quickly added. The molal ratio of' HI to the organic acid should not be less than 1.5 to 1. The outlet tubes of the flask were sealed off in a flame, the ground glass stopper was tied in and coated w~th sealing wax. The flask was placed in the dark in an ice-box and kept at 3° for 7 days. It was then cooled to -15'.o:., the side-arm opened, the inlet tube removed, and a capillary tube inserted in its place. The flask was heated by a water bath at 30° and the chloroform was distilled at 20 mm. pressure. Low temperature distillHtion was desirable since the decomposition of HI and the change of the angelic to the tiglic acid derivatives must be kept at a minimum. The residue was extracted at 30-35° with the least possible amount of petroleum ether, b.p. 40-60°, filtered to remove silver iodide, and the filtrate cooled to -15°. The crys- talline hydriodide obtained by this procedure was pure when tiglic acid was the starting material but was a mixture when angelic acid was used. In the latter case the mixture contained large quantities of the stable tiglic acid hydriodide. This impure product was ex- tracted twice at room temperature with 5-cc. portions of the petroleuin ether e.nd then dissolved at 30-35° in 20 cc. of the solvent. This solution was cooled and three crops of crystals were removed as the cooling progressed. Pure angelic acid hydriodide, m.p. 57.5-58.5°, constituted the first two crops, but the third crop and likewise the material obtained from the crystallization of the 15. 5-cc. extractions were mixtures as shown by the melting range of 39-52°. Although a small amount of' the pure angelic acid hydrio- dide can be obtained by working up this crude material, it is not practicable to do so • . The Isomeric 2-butenes.- The butenes were generated in a 3-necked, 3-liter flask provided with a mechanical stirrer, a dropping funnel and an outlet tube. To the latter was attached in series a spiral washing bottle containing aqueous sodium hydroxide for removing carbon dioxide, a calcium chloride drying tube, a receiving tube surrounded by an ice-hydrochloric acid bath at -30° to -35°, a specially designed flask containing bromine for absorbing any unoondensed butene, and a drying tube of calcium chloride. The reaction flask was immersed in a vessel of ice water, 71.5 grems (0•314 mole) of the angelic or tiglic acid hydriodide was placed in the flask, and 26.6 (0.25 mole) of sodium carbonate dissolved in 650 cc. of water at 5°C was rapidly added through the dropping funnel. The liquid was stirred and the temperature of the bath was slowly raised. A lively evolution of carbon dioxide took place at 10° in the case of tiglic a.cid and at 15° in the case of the angelic acid derivative. The temperature of the bath was increased as fast as the absorber would take ca.re of the carbon dioxide. This corres- ponded to a rate of 20-30° per hour until 45-50° was reached. At 20° the gas from the tiglic solution and at 30° that from the anfelic solution began to pass the absorber, and soon afterward the 16. e~olved gas seemed to be nearly pure butene. The temperature was increased'.more rapidly above 45° since the gas evolution dropped off. At 65-70° the evolution of carbon dioxide was again rapid and swept the residual butene into the receiver. Practically complete conden- sation of the butene was accomplished, since not more than 1 cc. of dibromobutane was recovered from the bromine absorption flask. ¥/hen these hydrocarbons were separately distilled in the apparatus especially designed for this purpose each distilled completely over a temperature range of 0.1°, as shown in Table II. ~ Isomeric 2;3-dibromobutanes.- These were prepared by slowly distilling the pure butenes into an all glass reaction flask kept at -15° and adding from time to time small amounts of bromine. After the formation of the first quantity of dibromide the butene was always kept slightly in excess in order to avoid the formation of tribromides. At the end of the reaction, a slight excess of bromine was added to remove the last traces of butene. The products were inunediately washed with dilute sodium bisulphite solution, sodium bicarbonate solution and water, and were then dried with anhydrous calcium chloride. They were fractionally distilled at 50 mm~ pressure in order to avoid the isomeric change which Favorsky11 noted at more elevated temperatures. The small distil- lation range of each of the dibromides (Table II) indicates that a single substance and not a mixture of isomers is formed in each case. 17. Summary Starting with methylethylketone the cis- and trans2-butenes have been synthesized in a high state of purity. Necessary details are given for the preparation and purifica~ion of the following intermediate compounds: Ol-hydroxy-OC.-methylbutyric acid, angelic acid, tiglic acid, angelic acid hydriodide, tiglic acid hydriodide, the isomeric 2-butenes, and the corresponding dibromobutanes. 18. References 1. Lucas and Dillon,, J.Am.Chem.Soc.,, 50, 1460 (1928); Also this Thesis, Article nuraber 1-.- 2. Wislecenus, Talbot, Henze and Schmidt, Ann., 313, 207 (1909). 3. Blaise, Ann.chim.phys., (8), g, 116 (1907). 4. Pfeiffer, Z.physik.Chem., 48, 58 (1904). 5. Terry and Eichelberger, J • .Arn.Chem.Soc., !Z.• 1067 (1925). 6. c. van Duin, Rec.trav.chim., 45, 345 (1926). 7. "Systematic Organic Chemistry", preparation 82, p. 151, Cumming, Hopper and 'Wheeler, Van Nostrand Go., 1925. 8. "Organic Syntheses", vol. VI, page 58, John Wiley and Sons, 1926. 9. Dillon and Young, This Thesis, Article number 2. 10. Boecking, Ann., 104, 18 (1880), reported 66° and 68°. 11. Favorsky, Ann., 354, 325 (1907). . -- 5. THE CONDENSATION OF ACET.l\LDEHYDE WITH METHYLMALONIC ESTER METHYLATIONS WITH METHYL BROMIDE By William G. Young CONDENSATIGN OF ACETALDEHYDE WITH METHYLM.ALONIC ESTER; METHYLATIONS WITH METHYL BROMIDE Introduction In developing a method for synthesizing the isomeric 2-butenes., it was thought that the decomposition of {J-hydroxyCC:-methylbutyric acid might give a yield of the unsaturated angelic and tiglic acids higher than that which was obtained by the decomposition of o(-hydroxy-0(-methylbutyric acid. The attempt was therefore made to synthesize the fJ-hydroxyacid from methylmalonic ester through the following steps: (a) CH3 NaOH /COOEt '-c H / "cooEt + CH 3 CHO --- CH3 CHOHC(CH 3 )(COOEt) 2 ------- heat It soon became evident that the method was less satisfactory than the one finally adopted, :t in which the 0(-hydroxy acid was obtained from methylethylketone. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the synthesis of the diethylester of 3-hydroxybutane-2,2-dicarboxylic acid by the condensation of aeetaldehyde with methylmalonic ester. 2. Discussion The use of methyl iodide for the quantity production of methylmalonic ester is an expensive procedure. We have found methyl bromide to be a satisfactory methylating agent with both malonic ester and acetoacetic ester. From the standpoint of cost it possesses a dis- tinct advantage over methyl iodide, and for one who must prepare his own reagent in quantity it possesses in addition the decided superiority of greater convenience, since the bromide can be prepared, purified and used in one operation. The yields obtained are, in the case of malonic ester, as satisfactory as any described in the literature and in the case of acetoacetic ester.somewhat better. The condensation of acetaldehyde with methylmalonic ester was carried out by heating the reactants with acetic anhydride for 50 hours in sealed tubes at 104°C. This reaction is ~ndoubtedly similar to the one between acetaldehyde and malonic ester 2 in which ethylidene malonic ester is produced by the loss of water involving the 0(-hydrogen atom. The condensation product from methylmalonic ester does not contain an «.-hydrogen atom and thus an ethylidene derivative is not produced. However, a small amount of unsaturated ester results from the loss of water involving a !/-hydrogen atom. The condensation mixture was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure. Molecular weight determinations on the various higher fractions by the micromethod of Smith and Young3 made it possible to tell which fractions contained the desired hydroxyester. This. proce- dure is a valuable aid in determining the approximate composition of # various fractions. 3. Experimental Methyl Bromide ~~Methylating Agent.- The methyl bromide, generated in a two-liter flask, A, (see Figure) from 215 grams (6.7 moles) of methanol, 266 grams (2.6 moles) of sodium bromide, 695 grams (7.0 moles) of 95% sulfuric acid, and 230 grams of water according ~o the directions of Bydgen, 4 was purified by passing it through concentrated sodium hydroxide, D, soda lime, E, calcium chloride, E', and led through the large tube F, flared at the lower end to a diameter of 22 mm., into the three-neck, three-liter flask G. This contained a solution of sodium malonic ester prepared from 350 cc. of absolute ethanol, 25 grams (1.1 moles) of metallic sodium, and 160 grams (1.0 mole) of malonic ester (Eastman). The flask G was sur- rounded by a water bath at B0-85°C and the solution was agitated with a mechanical stirrer, H. A reflux cooler, I, condensed the alcohol vapor, and any unreacted methyl bromide was condensed in the tube J, kept at -30° by an ice-hydrochloric acid mixture and provided with a calcium chloride tube, K. The generation of the methyl bromide was regulated by the rate of heating of the flask A and was made as fast as consistent with effective purification. Soon after the gas flow was started sodium bromide precipitated in the reaction mixture, and during an hour and one-half no trace of methyl bromide condensed in the tube J. Shortly after this a liquid began to collect in J. The reaction mixture was then tested with litmus and f'ound to be neutral. The alcohol was distilled by heating the flask in an oil bath at 125-30°, th:'e least quantity of water was added for dissolving the salt, the B B E E' J , Legend. A • l1eth7l bromide generating flask, I • Retlux co.n.clenaer. C - Safety' flask, back trap. D.- Wash bottle containing cone. NaOH solution E - Drying tower containing soda 1111.e. E'• Drying tower containing Oa01 2 F • Inlet tube (flared opening) G - Reaction flask, 3liter. B • aercur)" sealed stirrer I • Reflux condenser J - Condensing tube in ice-BCl at -30° K - Drying tube containing CaC12 Figure 1. Apparatus for Preparation of Methyl Bromide and Methyl Malonic Ester. tJ> $) 4. resulting oil layer separated and the aqueous phase was extracted three timels with 50 cc. of ether. The ether extracts and the crude ester were combined and dried over night with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The ether was removed from the dried solution by heating over a water bath at 50-80°, and the residue of crude :aethyl malonic ester was fractipnally distilled thru a 30-cm. bead column at reduced pressure, the main fraction boiling at 113.5-11~ at 46-48 mm. was 80%. The yield Since the boiling points of malonic, methylmalonic and di- methylmalcnic esters lie within three and one-half degrees of each other 5 the purity of' the product obtained by the procedure outlined could not be told by its boiling range. Nevertheless it was largely the desired methylmalonic es~er, as shown by conversion to the free acid and decomposition of' this to the monobasic acid. Now the melting point of 125. 5-126. 5° obtained for the di basic acid do.es not distinguish between :m.alonic and methylmalonic acids, 6 but the boiaing point of the monoba.sic acid, 140-141° • indicated that the latter wa.s largely propionic acid. The absence of acetic acid in this product, and there,.t fore of malonic ester in the methylated ester, was'likewise indicated by the successive values of 14.0 and 12.5 obtained for the Duclaux - numb ers. 7 These values were a trifle high for propionic acid, indi- eating the presence of a mnall quantity of isobutyric acid. The methylmalonic ester prepared above had properties identical with the product obtained when aethyl iodide was used, following the method of Conrad. 8 The melting points of the methylmalonic 5. acids and the Duclaux numbers of the monobasio acids obtained by both methods wer.e identical. It is thus evident that methyl iodide may be replaced by methyl bromide in a malortic ester synthesis. Methyl bromide was likewise used in the synthesis of methyl acetoacetic ester with satisfactory results. The produce, obtained in 83% yields. was identical with that obtained by the use of methyl iodide. Die~_yl Ester 5!!._ ~-hydro:x.ybutane-~,2-dicarboxylic Acid.- A mixture of 40 grams (0.23 mole) of methylmalonic ester, 47.0 grams (0.46 m.ole) of e.cetic anhydride. and 21.0 grams (0.48 mole) of acetaldehyde (freshly prepared by the depolymerization of paraldehyde) was divided into portions of 35 cc. each, sea.led in tubes and heated at 104° for 50 hours. The tubes were opened and the combined reac- tion mixture was fractionally distilled at reduced pressure. fractions obtained are shown in Table I The 6. TABLE I - Fractionation of Condensation Product from Methylmalonic Ester and Acetaldehyde Temp. oc Pressur• IlUJl. Weight g. Mol.Wt. 1 20-95 50 37 acetic acid, acetic anhydride 2 95-112 50 18 3 80-90 17-18 3 methyl malonic ester, mostly 110-112° mixtures 4 90-97 17-18 5.5 mixtures 5 97-104 17-18 4.5 195 6 100-110 8 3.5 200 7 110-125 8 8 218 desired product. 8 91-104 1-2 10 236 desired product, but less pure 9 104-130 1-2 1 10 residue 6.6 aGave usual tests for unsaturation. probably the unsaturated estera. tl " It ti 7. By running molecular weight determinations on several of the higher,fractions by the camphor method of Smith and Young 3 it was possible to identify the fractions containing the desired hydroxy ester 11 which has a molecular weight of 218. of distillates 5 11 2 mm. 6 11 Two more fra.ctionations 7 and 8 gave a fraction boiling at 94-98° at This :material after washing vrlth sodium carbonate solution distilled at 100-106° under 3-5 mm. pressure and weighed 17 grams. The yield was 63% based on the methylmalonic ester reacted. The results of molecular weigh~ determinations by the camphor method on this purified product were 215 and 221 (theoretical is Ultimate analysis gave the following: 218). Sample IL,:iO g. g. 0.2180 0.1510 002 %found g. H c 0.4405 7.76 55.l %calculated from C1oH130s H c 8.31 5q.O The density. D21 / 4 , was 1.0732. Attempts to saponify the ester with alcoholic potassium hydroxide gave a reddish brown precipitate of high molecular weight. We were unsuccessful in obtaining a derivative with acid chlorides, the.reaction yielding instead an unsaturated compound, probably the unsaturated ester. Apparently with acid chlorides water is eliminated very easily. as might be expected from derivatives of {J-hydroxy esters although with acetic anhydride at 104° 11 a condition prevailing in the condensation reaction, dehydration was not an important factor, for the fraction of unsaturated ester did not exceed ten percent. The ..... presence of the hydroxyl group was demonstrated, since on addition of 8• .ddition of sodium, hydrogen was evolved and a solid was formed. In order to completely establish the identity of the diethyl ester of 3-hydroxybutane,2,2-dicarboxylic acid it was converted into the diamide. · The Diamide of ~-hydroxybutane,~,3_-dicarboxylic ~·- When 7.0 grams of the hydroxyester was shaken with concentrated ammonium hydroxide the oil slowly went into solution during the course of eiGht days. From the aqueous solution evaporation yielded a white solid, readily soluble in water, sparingly soluble in absolute alcohol. Re- crystallization from hot ausolute alcohol gave 3 grams of pure white prisms melting at 209.5°C (corr) with decomposition. From 0.1042 gram there was obtained 16.4 cc. of nitrogen by the Dumas method, corresponding to 17.82%, whereas the theoretical value, calculated from CsH1203N2, is 17.48%. 9. Summary 'r.ieth;yl bromide may satisfactorily replace methyl iodide in the preparation of the methyl derivatives of malonic ester a.nd of acetoa.cetic ester. Acetaldehyde in the presence of acetic anhydride condenses with the ethyl ester of methylmalonic a.cid to produce the diethyl ester of 3-hydroxy-butane-2,2-dicarboxylic acid. 10. References 1. Young and Dillon, This Thesis, Article n~~ber 3. 2. Komnenos, Ann., 218, 156 (1883). 3. Smith and Young, J.Biol.Chem., 75, 289 (1927). 4. Bydgen, J.prakt.Chem., 104, 285 (1922). ,. . 5. Myer and Bock, Ann., 347, 94 {1906). 6. Salzer, J.prakt.Chem., 61, 166 (1900), Ref. 5, page 100. 7. "Qualitative Organic Analy§is", Kamm, P• 139, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1923. 8. Conrad, Ann., 204, 134 (1889). -- 6. THE REACTION RATES OF POTASSIUM IODIDE W.ITH 1,,2- AND 2,3-DIBROMOBUTANES AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES OF THE NOB.MAL BUTENES By Robert T. Dillon and William G. Young ~THE RI::Ji..CTION RATES OF POTASSIUM IODIDE V'!II'H 1.2- Alm 2,'3-DIBROMOBUTANE AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE A11ALYSIS OF MIXTURES OF THE NORMAL BUTENES The butenes are the simplest unsaturated hydrocarbons which exist in isomeric as well as stereoisomeric forms. viz •• 1-butene, cis-2-but~ne, trans-2-butene, and iso-butene. The variety of isomeric changes which they might conceivably undergo in passing from one fonn to another would include (1) stereoisomeric change; for example. cis- to trans-2-butene, or vice-versa; (2) shifting of the double bond, 1-butene to 2-butene, or vice-versa; (3) shifting of a methyl group, iso-butene to 1- or 2-butene, or vice versa. A study of the transformations of these comparatively simple olefines would presumably be of value in the study of the higher olefin~s. Before undertaking an investigation on the effect of subjecting the isomeric butenes to different treatments it was first necessary to develop a satisfactory method of analysing mixtures containing any combination of these four hydrocarbons. For this purpose the determination of mixtures of the three norm.al butenes, viz •• 1-butene, cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene., would serve the purpose since iso-butene can apparently be removed by 111.bsorption methods. 1 Moreover, the dibromide of this hydrocarbon has a boiling point some let' lower than any of the others. and in the proposed method it could 2. be separated out by fractional distillation. Fortunately this hydro- carbon would not be present in many of the mixtures, especially those being studied at first, and for that reason also the analysis of the normal butenes serves our purpose •. No method for analysing mixtures of the three normal butenes has appeared in the literature. Michael and Brunel 2 have effected the analysis of a mixture of 1-butene and 2-butene by absorption in sulfuric acid solutions, and Harries and Evers 3 have used the ozonide method to show the absence of 1-butene in 2-butene from 2-butanol. The Analytical Method The method herein developed depends upon the fact that each of the three normal butenes is quantitatively convert~d into a pure dibromide on treatment with bromine, and each of these dibromides has a different second order reaction rate with potassium iodide in methanol at 75• to form potassium bromide, free iodine, and an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Since these rates are not symbatic with the boil- ing points of the dibromides, while the physical properties of density and refractive index are, a combination of rate ~dth one of these properties suffices for the analysis of any mixture of these three dibromides, and therefore of the three normal butenes. For this purpose the densities proved to be more useful than the refractive indices, since they differ by larger amounts. 3. In Table I are shown the boiling points of the three normal butenes 4 and of the corresponding dibromides and also the densities~ refractive indices and reaction rates of the latter. Figure 1 shows the variation of the densities with temperature. Assuming that the densities are additive, the density of any mixture within the range of 20° and 25° can be expressed in terms of the density at 20°. TABLE I Corresponding Dibromide Butene Name b~p. °C. 1-butene -6.7 to -G.5 ( 748) 1,2-dibromobutane 80.5 - 80.7 Density d25 d20 4 4 1. 7870 1. 7951 cis-2-butene +2.95 to +3.68 ( 746) racemic 2,3dibromobutane 75.6 - 75.8 1. 7836 1.7916 1.5147 0.0291 trans-2-butene +0.3 to +0.4 ( 744) meso 2,3dibromobuta.ne 72. 7 - 72.9 1.7747 1.7829 1. 5116 0.0544 Ne.me b. P• 0 c.. (corr) ( 50.0 mm) Refractive index n20 d 1. 5152 Speci fie bimol. Reaction rate with KI o.0765 . IP- Daeit, in vacuo l.'7'150 1.7800 1.7650 1.7900 1. 'f960 Jy 2474° 2374• Tapera'tllre. 2274° 2174° 2074° Figure 1. Change in Densities of the Dibromobutanes with Temperature. A. meso 2.s dibromide B. raeemic 2.s dibromide ·C• 1.2 dibromide " 6. Before setting up the simultaneous equations by which the percent composition of e. mixture can be calculated from these properties it is desirable to show how the specific reaction rate of the mixture is related to the specific reaction rates of the components. Assuming that the specific reaction rate of one component is not affected by the presence of the others, then in any mixture ~ , J.,. (e..J( cj ~Cb~ .lti\t (Cb)( Ci<r) o+ ~ , .U.1~ ((J ((Kr) where, for the components A, B, e.nd C in the mixture,_ Ca, Cb, a.r,d Cc are their respective concentrations, k2a• k2b• and k2c are their respective second order specific reaction rates, and and ~C.c. ~Ca. , C)(b u-t at are the rates of fonna.tiom of iodine due to the respective at components. Assuming further that the specific reaction rates are additive, and that the molal fraction of the total bromide is small compared to that of the alcohol, the total re.te of form&.tion of iodine is · or, dividing both sides by Ca + Cb + C0 , _,,, I ~: (e-=.r CCl -+Cb -+Cc. ct t l( iz.. ea.CCl -'12., ..au. <!it J' C." + C. + + Cb+ de. = _J2.!.<!..o. + (e".r >t c• ... ,~ -+c,) cl t Co.. ... c" ... c.c. _ .. I c. 7. But Ca, Cb o.ncl C"'+C:b-+C.c. > Co..+Cb-tCc.. Cc C4 +C\,+Cc:. are the molal fractions x, y, and z of the respective components. A, B,, and C, and the specific reaction constant for the mixture of A,, B, and C. .. (t) A~surning that the densities are additive, their relation- ships may be expressed by Equation (2) (2) where D.= the density of the mixture while da, db• and de are the densities of the respective components, A, B, and c. Combining (1) and (2) with the additional Equation (3) x + y + z =1 (3) the following solutions of the unknowns are obtained by means of determinates: ( 4) 'I. : -~~b ( dr. -,, ) + .!1t. (db -1)) - \<~(db -de:.) ~ ( 5) 8. (6) -~20.( db - "D) + ~~~<ct(l-'D) - \(~ (dCl- db) 6 where The accuracy of the method is limited by the uncertainty in the specific reaction rates. According to Table X there is a maximum dftviation of about 1% in the individual rate determinations of a given material, and according to Table XI a deviation of 2% from the theoretical calculated values in the mixtures of the dibromides. Discussion of the Method of Calculation The method is based upon the assumption that the density of the mixture is an additive function of the indivi~ual densities, da, db, and de• and that its specific reaction rate constant is also an additive function of the individual constants k2a1 k2b• and k2c• Such an assumption would appear to be warranted in view of the fact that halogen compounds of this type are non-polar, non-associated liquids, mixtures of which would presumably deviate but little from ideal solutions. The density of a mixture as shown in Table XII agreed exactly with that calculated on this basis and the reaction constants of the mixtures shown in Table XI were in error by not more than two percent of the calculated value, which is nearly within the experimental error. The assumption that the densities and reaction rates are additive functions would appear to be established for the mixtures investigated, and by analogy for other mixtures as well. 9. Unfortunately'it was not possible to prepare mixtures from the three pure dibromides alone because sufficient amounts of the pure meso and racemic forms were not available. ·This method of calculating compositions, beside involving the above assumptions, requires that equations (1), (2), and (3) should be.independent of each other, or in other words, the proportionality constants should not be related in the following way: k2a : k2b : k2c = da : db : de Moreover, greater accuracy is realized by the fact that these constants are not symbatically related, that is the higher boiling 2,3-dibromide has a higher density but a lower reaction rate than the lower boiling 2,3-isomer, while the 1,2-dibromide has the highest boiling point, density, and reaction rate. Order of the Reaction Rate Of the many possible reactions which the dibromides undergo, for example with potassium iodide, sodium thiosulfate, sodium phenolate, potassium cyanide, silver nitrate, ammonia and substituted ammonias, the first two only were studied. In all cases except with potass"ium iodide the a.mount of material reacted would be obtained from the difference between two much larger quantities while in this case the extent of the reaction can be determined directly and with less error from the amount of iodine formed. 10. The reaction with sodium thiosulfate was carried out in sealed tubes at 100°. preliminary experiments having shown that the rate was too slow at lower temperatures. 5 The reaction as carried out under these conditions is subject to two sources of error: the final titration of the excess of unused thiosulfate varies on the one hand with the gaseous volume above the reacting solution in the sealed tubes and on the other hand with the length of time the unopened reaction tubes stand after removal from the thermostat. Per- haps these errors are not significant at lower temperatures and therefore need not be considered, but they are interfering factors at a temperature of 100°. A fairly satisfactory second order constant was obtained in the reaction of thiosulfate with pure 1,2- and impure meso-8,3-dibromobutane, but because of the difficulty involved this method was not as suitable as the reaction with potassium iodide. The reaction rates of alkyl chlorides with potassium iodide in absolute acetone have been studied by Conant and Kirner 6a and by Conant and Huss;ey 6b, who found that the reactivities of the alkyl chlorides decrease in the order, primary, secondary, and tertiary. The reaction rates of many dibrom-substituted compounds with potassium iodide- have been investigated by Biilmann 7 and by van Duin and coworkers.8 Bifulmann worked in dilute sulfuric acid solution and van Duin in both seventy-five percent ethanol and seventy-five percent ethanol acidified with hydrochloric acid. The reaction proceeds dif- ferently with the two classes of compounds, an alkyl chloride forming _.,, an alkyl iodide and potassium chloride, a dibromide forming an un- 11. saturated compound, iodine e..nd potassium bromide. Van Duin 8b observed a difference in the reactivities of stereo-isomeric dibromides, meso- dibromosuccinic acid having a much higher rate than the racemic form. The three dibromobutanes (Table I) would thus be expected to-differ in their rates since the 1,2-dibromide contains a primary bromine atom, more reactive than a secondary one, and the isomeric 2,3-dibromides e~ist as meso and racemic forms. There are several mechanisms by which the reaction of potas- sium iodide with these dibromides may proceed, as shown by equations 7 to 9. ( 7) (8) (9) (a) C4HaBr2 + KI = C4HaBrI + KBr (b) C4HsBrI + KI = C4HaI2 + KBr (c) C4HaI2 = C4Ha + I2 (a) C4HaBr2 + KI = C4HaBrI + KBr (b) C4HaBrI + KI = C4H8 + I2 + KBr .(a) C4H.aBr2 + 2KI = C4HsI2 + KBr (b) C4HsI2 = C4Ha + Iz In addition to the steps as enumerated above each process may, and probably does, involve to some extent the reaction of iodine with potassium iodide as given in equation (10) (10) I 2 + KI = KI 3 In general, the rate will be second order if expressed by (7) and (8), a.Rd third order if expressed by (9), provided the reactions of the 12. different steps proceed with markedly different rates. In (7) and (8) the slow reactions may be.either (a) or (b), and in (9) it must be (a), since Slator 9 found that diiodides and bromoiodides in the presence of iodide ion dissociate quite rapidly even at temperatures of 25° and 35°. It is not possible to establish the extent to which iodine arul potassium iodide react according to equation (10) since in methanol pa.rt of the iodine is probably combined with the solvent. Moreover, even though KI 3 is formed, its effect upon the reaction rate can be made negligible by keeping the ratio of potassium iodide to iodine large. In the experimental work the concentrations of both the reactants were varied. The rate was found to be second order, and to be proportional to the first power of the concentration of both the potassium iodide and the dibromobutane. The reaction may then be represented by (7) or (8), but not by (9). This is an accord with the observations of Biilmann who studied the behavior of dibromopropionic acid with potassiu.m iodide, but is not in agreement with those of van Duin who concluded that this reaction and other sL~ilar ones were third order, according to equation (9). The specific second order rate constant, k 2 , (Equation 11) is derived from the differential form (Equation 12). (11) 2.303 +(a.--Zb) (12) ~ (.a.(1- 2tp)) '" °'(I- Cf) dc/dt = k 2 (CKI)(Cc 4 HaBr 2 ) 13. The third order constant, k 3 , (Equation 13) given for comparison in Ta.bles'II, III and IV is derived from the differential form (Equation 14). (13) In these equations t = time in hours, a = initial concentration of potassium iodide in moles per liter at 20° b = initial concentration of dibromobuta.ne in moles per liter at 20° 'f'= fraction of dibromobutane used at the time, t. The values of ~ and k 3 are thus expressed in hours and moles per liter at 20°, rather than in hours and moles per liter at 75°. This is done because the solutions are made up at 20° and the concentrations (a) and (b) would each differ at the two temperatures by a factor which is proportional to approximately the cubical coefficient of expansion of methanol. Since the ratio of two concentrations occurs in each of the variable terms involving 'f , the values of k2 in moles per liter at 20° and of ~ in moles per liter at 75° are each constant in themselves and differ from each other by this factor. likewise the values of k 3 at the two temperatures are each constant in themselves but differ from each other by the square of this factor. 14. Description of the Method Materials.- The potassium. iodide was P.W.R. Analytical, ground in an agate mortar to a powder, dried at 100° for 24 hours and kept in a desiccator until used. The sodium thiosulphate solu- tion, n/50, ~ras made by dissolving P.W.R. Analytical material in distilled water and was allowed to stand some time before use. It was stored in the dark and standardized at frequent intervals against standard potassium dichromate. The three dibromobutanes used for the reaction rate measure· t ene, 4a cis· 2- butene, an d men t s were th ose prepare d f rom pure 1-bu trans-2-butene. 4b The dibromides were fractionally distilled at 50 mm., the products boiling completely within a temperature range of 0.2° (Table I) indicating that the products were pure subs~ances and not a mixture of isomers. Synthetic methanol used as the solvent for the reacting substances was purified by refluxing with sodium hydroxide and distilling from the solid. Water was subsequently added in order to bring the strength to 99.00%. It was not considered feasible to work with absolute methanol since the specific reaction rates are markedly affected by the addition of water to methanol,, being much greater at a dilution of 75% than at 99%. Thus the accidental addition of traces of water to absolute methanol might produce greater effects than a slight variation in the composition at 99.00%. The methanol as prepared usually contained a slight a.mount of impurity which reacted slowly with the iodine at 75°. It was 15. therefore necessary to make a correction for this impurity by making blank runs. with the solvent containing concentrations of iodine and potassium iodide equivalent to those encountered in the actual rate measurements. These corrections, which for three different samples of methanol amounted to O.OD cc., 1.10 cc., and 1.27 cc. of n/50 sodium thiosulfate per 20 cc. of solvent, were added to the titration values as determined in the different rate measurements. Apparatus.- The reaction tubes were made by drawing out very thin glass test tubes, previously cleaned and dried, to form a constriction near the end. They had capacities slightly greater than 20 cc. A thermostat suitable for carrying on reactions in the dark at 75° was made from a five gallon copper can (27 cm. diameter and 32 cm. high). The sides were covered with a layer of.magnesite 4 cm. in thickness and the top was fitted with a light-tight wooden cover. Water was the thermostatic liquid and was covered with a centimeter layer of para.wax in order to cut down evaporation. in rapid circulation by a motor stirrer. The bath was kept The temperature was main- tained at 74.93°%0.03° by two heaters, one continuous and the other U!lillj t;Jfj uJa.:fts .kp+ flee b... 1'4, o.f '10: 70°J w/....'/~ +la(. Jfo w.:ft t~dftu-f he4fer intermittent. The continuous metal inunersion heateT)(which was eon- trolled by a mercury regulator, kept the bath at the desired temperature. This heater was made by coiling 325 em. of no. 22 chromel re- sistance wire around a glass tube 35 cm. long and 2.5 cm. in diameter for a distance of 20 em. The coils were held in place by small welts ot glass fused at short intervals onto the glass tube. Several holes 16. were blown in the tube so that the liquid could circulate throughout the inner·.space. This heater was i:rrunersed directly in the bath in order to decrease the time lag of heating. Unfortunately.since the occasional breaking of a reaction tube adds potassium iodide to the bath, electrolysis takes place slowly, necessitating replacement of the resistance wire a.bout every two months. Although such a heater causes more trouble than the usual immersion type, the time lag is less. Attempts to use a la.mp coated with optical blank were not a success since the material would peel off within two or three days due to the elevated temperature involved. A removable wire frame was made for holding the reaction tubes. Procedure.- In making up the solutions for the rate measurements, the desired quantity ("'9.0 grams) of dry potassium iodide was weighed, washed into a 250 cc. volumetric flask with a small amount of alcohol, and made up to a.bout 200 cc. The material was shaken vigorously until nearly all of the potassium iodide had dissolved and then the required a.mount of dibromobutane was introduced from a weighing pipette. The solution was then made up to exactly 250 cc. at 20.0°C, thoroBghly mixed and pipetted into 8 or 10 reaction tubes with a 20 cc. pipette (exact volume = 19.94 cc.). Great care was exercised in keeping the solutions at exactly 20° while being made to volume and while being pipetted, since methyl alcohol has a large coefficient of expansion. A constant temperature bath of water was utilized for this purpose. The tubes were then s~aled and placed in the thermostat, care being taken to avoid a large temperature drop by increasing the voltage of the continuous heater 17. just before inserting the tubes. By this method the drop never amounted to more than one or two tenths of a degree and the temperature of the bath was back to normal within 2 to 3 minutes. Moreover the tube contents heated rapidly and approximated the thermostat bath within a few minutes. Tubes which were allowed to stand at room temperature for 'several .hours showed no signs of reaction. time could be considered from the time of immersion. Thus, the At various in- tervals tubes were removed from the thermostat, quickly cooled in ice water and broken into a 600 cc. beaker containing 75 cc. of distilled water, 2 grams of potassium iodide, and about 3/4 of the amount of sodium thiosulfate solution required for the titration. Thiosulfate (1/50 n.) was then added until the end-point as indicated with starch was reached. The end-point of the titration in alcohol solutions is not exact if' the alcohol is too strong or if there is ·insufficient potassium iodide present. Dilution and the addition of potassium. iodide reduced this error. Reaction rate constants were then·calcu- la.ted from the titration values and are given in Tables II to XI. The densities of the dibromobutanes were ta.ken with a 10 cc. pyknometer. The instrument was filled and then immersed in a constant temperature bath until equilibrium was reached, as was noted by the equality of temperatures ~nthin the liquid and in the bath. 18. Results In the tables which list the experiments on reaction rates, the following notations are used: KI = initial concentration of potassium iodide in moles per liter at 20°C (given by "a" in the rate expressions, equations 11 and 13), C 4 ~Br 2 t =.initial ·concentration of dibromobutane in moles per liter at 20° (given by "b" in the rate expressions), = time in hours, <p = fraction of dibromide used up at time t, k 2 = second order specific reaction constant, k 3 = third order specific reaction constant. I 1 " 0 {,,,,,_o/~s} ..A•UrS - '" n ( '>rt/1'1-'r o l~S) 2. ..Aof4r:i I Ji'~ In the experiments represented by Tables II, III and IV essentially the same dibromide concentration was used throughout and essentially two different concentrations of potas~ium iodide, the ratio between these last two being approximately 1.5 to 1. In each table the second order constants calculated for the two potassium iodide concentrations are in satisfactory agreement whereas the third order constants are not. This shows that the rates are proportional to the first power and not the second power of the potassium iodide concentration. Since previous ·work by other investigators with other dibro;uides 7 • 8 had sho111m the rate to be proportional to the first power of the dibromide concentrations, and since preliminary ·work on the three dibromobutanes con.finned this observation, as was to be expected, evidence for this conclusion need not be given here. 19. TABLE 1~2-dibromobutane II and KI in 99.0% methanol at 74.93°C KI = 0.1470 molal C4 HsBr 2 = 0.03397 molal KI= 0.2298 molal C4 H3Br 2 =. 0.034?.8 molal time -le. ~ ~ time -#L- ~ ~ 12.50 0.1940 0.0774 0.347 12.50 0.1302 0.0784 o.552 15.50 0.2334 0.07'75 0.351 15.50 0.1585 0.0787 0.556 19.25 0.2794 0.0775 0.354 19.00 0.1879 0.0779 0.555 23. 75 0.3307 0.0778 0.358 23.75 0.2303 0.0793 o. 572 27.25 0.366'7 0.0771 0.35'7 27.25 0.2516 0.0771 0.559 37.50 0.4587 0.0772 0.365 37.50 0.3279 0.0785 0.583 40.75 0.4835 0.0769 0.365 40.75 0.3505 0.0790 0.591 Average 0.0773 0.357 Average 0.0784 o.567 f0 variation from the mean~ k 2 = 0.6%~ k 3 = 22.8% 20. TABLE III Racemic 2,3-dibromobutane and KI in 99.o~r methanol at 74.93°0 KI = 0.1498 molal C4HaBr2 = 0.02785 molal KI = 0.2327 molal C4 H8Br 2 = 0.02612 molal time -£.-.- ~ ~ time ..JP- _!&._ ~ 11.60 0.0721 0.0296 0.128 11.00 0.0500 0.0313 0.212 15.42 0.0994 0.0295 0.128 15.42 0.0683 0.0309 0.209 ~' 21.50 0.1343 0.0293 0.127 21.33 0.0903 0.0301 0.204 31.75 o.1928 0.0297 0.130 31.'75 o.1318 0.0304 0.208 35.50 0.2114 0.0295 0.129 35.50 0.1462 0.0305 0.210 41.67 0.2454 0.0299 0.132 41.67 0.1693 0.0306 0.212 45.50 0.2638 0.0299 0.132 Average 0.0306 0.209 54.75 o.3074 0.0300 o.134 Average 0.0294 0.130 7 Variation from the mean, k = 2.0%, k = 23. 5% 0 2 3 21. TABLE IV .uu.eSO 2,3-dibromobutane and KI in 99.0% methanol at 74.93°C KI = 0.1461 molal C4H9Br 2 = 0.02629 molal KI =.0.2217 molal C4H8Br2 = 0.03287 molal time ~ ~ ~ time ~ ~ ~ 11.50 o.·12s2 0.0541 o.249 11.50 0.0848 0.0539 o.375 14.50 o.1552 0.0539 0.249 14.50 0.1063 0.0542 0.378 17.50 0.1837 0.0539 0.250 17.50 0.1259 0.0540 0.379 21.00 0.2173 0.0545 0.254 21.00 0.1515 0.0551 0.389 27.75 o.2759 0.0549 0.259 27.75 o.1952 0.0557 0.396 36.50 o.3416 0.0547 0.261 36.50 0.2440 0.0551 0.396 39.50 0.3627 0.0547 0.261 Average 0.0545 0.386 43.17 0.3853 Average 0.0543 0.261 0.0544 0.256 ?0 variation from the mean, k2 = 0.1%, k 3 = 20.2% 22. In determining the dependence of the specific reaction constant on the concentration of potassium iodide it was necessary to decrease this concentration to somewhat lower values than those ordinarily employed in the rate measurements. Thus, under these condi- tions the ratio of the concentration of potassium iodide to dibromide was small.compared to the usual values. With a ratio above 6.0 the values of the specific reaction constants were independent of this ratio insofar as investigated (that is, up to 12.0) but below 6.0 the specific reaction constants were found to increase slightly. This effect is shown in Table V, and although quite small is very definite since it invariably occurred when the ratio was low. The cause of this effect has not been investigated but it probably arises from the fact that the change in potassium iodide concentration through its reaction with free iodine is no longer a negligible factor.. 23 TABLE V Impure racemic 2.3-dioromobutane and KI in 99.0% methanol at 74.93°C Ratio = 4.291 KI = 0.2331 molal C 4 ~Br 2 = 0.05432 molal Ratio = KI/C 4 HsBr 2 = 8.316 KI = 0.2281 molal C4 H8Br 2 = 0.02743 molal time .J(L ~ time _fL ~ 20.00 0.1413 0.0377 17.58 0.1397 0.0379 23.50 0.1698 0.0355 20.00 0.1581 0.0385 27.00 0.1935 0.0357 22.50 0.1753 0.0382 31.00 0.2197 0.0362 32.17 0.2368 0.0382 33.50 o.2381 0.0368 34.92 0.2527 0.0382 43. 75 0.2982 0.0370 41.00 0.2861 0.0380 0.0365 44.75 0.3041 0.0376 Average Another experiment gave 0.0364 Preferred mean = Average 0.0364 Variation from the preferred mean = 4.6% 0.0381 24. Tabies VI. VII and VIII show that the rates are independent of' the cor'rections which must be applied to the ti tra tions for the loss of' iodine due to its reaction with the solvent. In these tables are given the rate determinations of 1.2-dibromobutane in three different samples of methanol. The decrease of iodine with time in a given samP.le of alcohol equivalent in volume to that used in the rate determinations is shown in Figure 2. the maximum value being the one that is applied. The correction value is in terms of cc. of N/50 thiosulf'ate. Figure 2 1.3 0 lO ~ r3 : 121 ~ 121 1.0 foot 0 • 0 0 ... R ct 0 Time in hours. Decrease in I 2 in co. of BL.SO Na2s2 o8 • o.oo o.oo 11.42 21.11 1.23 1.21 1.2'1 36.33 o.s 0- H .!i .• 10 Q) s.. 0 • 1 0 A Time in tloura. 3 25. T.ABLE VI * 1.2-dibromobutane and KI at 74.93°C in methanol no. 1. Correction = 0.00 oc. Time hours N/50 Na 2 S2 0 3 00 Corrected N/50 Na2S203 cc 6.967 3.93 3.93 0.1131 0.0723 17.50 9.39 9.39 0.2703 0.0775 23.50 11.92 11.92 0.3431 0.0780 32.87 15.15 15.15 0.4361 0.0773 40.50 17.27 17.27 0.4971 0.0762 48.00 19.06 19.06 0.5486 0.0756 ~'" Average 0.0761 •These values were obtained in preliminary work uSing samples of 10 co. instead of 20 cc. 26. TABLE 1~2-dibromobuta.ne VII and KI at 74.93°C in methanol no. 2 Correction = 1.10 co. Time hours 12.50 N/50 Na2S 2 03 Corrected cc N/50 Na2 S2 03 cc 12~16 13.26 ~. 0.1940 "' 0.07'74 15.50 14.85 15.95 0.2334 0.0775 '.1.9 •. 25 18.00 19.10 0.2794 0.0775 23.75 21.50 22.60 0.3307 0.0778 27.25 23.83 24.93 0.3647 0.0771 37.60 30.25 31.35 0.4587 0.0772 46.75 31.95 33.05 0.4835 0.0769 Average 0.0773 27. TABLE VIII 1,2-dibromobutane and KI at 74.93°C in methanol no. 3 Correction = 1.27 cc. Time hours N/50 Na 2 S2 0 3 Corrected cc N/50 Na2 S2 0 3 cc <p ~ . 22.50 14.14 15.41 0.3149 0.0760 32.17 19.16 20.43 0.4175 0.0770 34.92 20.35 21.62 0.4419 0.0768 38.00 21.62 22.89 0.4678 0.0766 41.00 22. 79 24.06 0.4917 0.0764 44.75 24.24 25.51 0.5214 0.0766 56.77 27.90 29.17 0.5962 0.0753 Average 0.0766 28 Table IX shows that two sa.mples of 1, 2-dibro:nobutane prepared ana purified at different times give the same reaction rate with potassium iodide. TABLE IX L,2-dioromobutane and KI in 99% methanol at 74.93°C Sample no. 1 KI = 0.2296 molal C4 HsBr 2 = 0.02454 molal Sa11ple no. 2 KI = 0.2286 molal C4HsBr2 = 0.01998 molal time _Y!__ ~ -"- time ~ -Q~ 22.50 0.3149 0.0760 24.50 0.33ti7 0.0751 32.17 0.4175 0.0770 28.00 0.3 755 0.0758 34.92 0.4419 0.0768 31.08 0.4049 0.0760 38.00 0.4678 o.0766 31.50 0.4104 0.0764 41.00 o.4917 0.0764 41.00 0.4931 0.0762 44.75 o.5214 0.0766 42.33 o. 5030 0.0761 56.77 o. 5962 0.0753 43.92 0.5153 0.0760 Average 0.0766 45.66 0.5281 0.0759 Average 0.0761 29. The specific reaction rates of the pure 1,2- and 2,3dirbomobutanes with potassium iodide in 99.0% methanol at 74.93° are summarized in Table X. TABLE X . The pure dibromides and KI in 99.0% methanol at 74.93°C Mean values from different runs with slightly varying concentrations Material Run No. exptl. ~ Mean 1J>eviation ~ from mean ( 0 No. deter. klil 23 32 34 45 5 7 6 8 0.0773 0.0761 0.0766 0.0761 0.0765 +l.05 -0.52 +0.13 -0.52 Racemic 2,3-dibromobutane 27 6 6 0.0297 0.0296 0.0297 +0.17 -0.17 Me so2,3-dibromobutane 21 22 6 5 6 0.0544 0.0545 0.0541 0.0540 0.0550 0.0544 +0.18 -0.55 1,2-dibromobutane 42 38 39 41 8 6 o.oo -o. 73 +l.10 30. Mixtures of the dibromides gave reaction constants which were substantially the value as calculated on the asslunption that the rate is an additive function. mixtures. Table XI shows the results of several The values seem to deviate slightly i'rom the calculated values but always in the same direction, indicating perhaps that the rate is n9t strictly additive. Since there was only a very limited supply of the pure 2,3-dibromides available, a mixture of these two isomers incomRletely separated by fractional distillation was used. T.ABLE XI Mixtures of dibromobutanes and KI in 99.0% methanol at 74.93°C Mixtures (in wt. percent) Sale. k 2 Obs. kg % deviati~ 79.38% pure 1,2-dibromobutane (kg = 0.0765) 20.6~% pure 2,3-dibromobuta.ne (k2 = 0.0297) 0.0668 o.0659 -1.34 79.38% pure 1,2-dibromobutane (kg = 0.0765) 20.62% pure 2,3-dibromobutane (kg = 0.0297) 0.0668 0.0653 -2.24 58.57% pure 1,2-dibromobutane (kg = 0.07650 41.43%mixed 2,3-dibromobutanes (kg = 0.03"64) 0.0599 0.0583 -2.67 26.53% pure 1,2-dibromobutane (kg = 0.0765) 73.4'7% mixed 2,3-dibromobutanes (kg~ 0.0364) 0.0470 0.0457 -2.77 26.53% pure 1,2-dibromobutane (kg = 0.0765) 73.47"/c mixed 2,3-dibromobutanes (kg 0.0364) 0.0470 0.0462 -1. 70 ·"' 31. Ta.b'ie XII gives the densities of the pure dibromides and a mixture~ TABLE XII Densities of the pure dibromobuta.nes and their mixtures Material Found d20 4 Density in vacuo Found Calculated d25 4 1. 7870 1,2-dibromobutane 1. 7951 Racemic 2,3-dibromobuta.ne 1. 7916 1. 7836 Meso 2,3-dibromooutane 1.7829 1. 7747 57.53% pure 1,2-dibromobutane, d 25= 1. 7870 4 42.46% mixed 2,3-dibromobutanes, d 25 = 1. 7777 4 1.7829 1. 7828 32. Summary The specific reaction rates of 1,2-dibromobuta.ne and of 1107. racemic and mesa 2,3-dibromobuta.ne with potassium iodide in M!eel~te methanol at 75°C have been shown to be second order. Since there is a marked difference in the specific reaction rates as well as in the densities, these properties have been used as a basis for a method of analysis of mixtures of these three dibromobuta.nes. The method is also applicable to mixtures of 1-butene, cis-2-butene and trans-2butene, hydrocarbons which may be quantitatively converted into the respective dibromides. 33. References 1. (a) Michael and Brunel, .Arn.Chem.J., 41, 135 (1909). (b) Konowoloff, Ber., 13, 2395 (1882"}'" cf. Butlerow, ibid-;:-~· 77 (1878). 2. Reference 1 (a), page 118. 3. Harries and Evers, Ann., ~· 238 (1912). 4. (a) Lucas and Dillon, J • .Arn.Chem.Soc., 50, 1460 \1928); Also this Thesis, Article number 1-.( b) Young and Dillon, This Thesis, Article numoer 3. 5. Slator, J.Chem.Soc., 85, 1286 (1904); 87, 1905 (1905), studi. ed the reaction of sodium thiosulphate with ethylene halides at temperatures ranging from 25° to 60°. 6. (a) Conant and K:in\er, J • .Am.Chem.Soc., 46, 232 (1924). (b) Conant and Hussey, ibid., 47, 476 Tf925). 7. Biilmann, Rec.trav.chim., 36, 319 (1916). 8. (a) van Duin, Rec.tn,.v.chim., 43, 341 (1924). (b) van Duin, ibid., 45, 345 (1926). (c) Kruyt and van Duiii';" ibid., !2_, 258 \1921). 9. Slator, J.Chem.Soc., ~, 1697 (1904). 7. TEE PliOBABLE ltl;i;CHANISM OF' THE RE.ACTI02J DF ALLYLENE BHOMIDES '.'HTH POTASSIUM IODIDE By Robert T. Dillon THE PROBABLE M~CtlANI.SM 01" THE HEACTION OF ALLYLENE BEOMIDES ~~TH POTASSIUM IODIDE Introduction In the study of the reaction rates of 1,2-dibromobutane and meso and racemic 2,3-dibromobutanes with potassium iodide 1 at approximately 75° in 99.0"fi methanol, it was found that the reaction proceeds with a second order rate, being first order with respect to both the potassium iodide and the dibromide. ·rhis is in accord with the re- sults of BiiL'llrum 2 who found that the reaction of 0(-ti-dibrompropionic acid with potassium iodide in dilute sulphuric acid solutions at 25° to give iodine, potassium bromide and acrylic acid, was ~lso second order. None of these results, however, is in a.gree1:Jent with the ob- servations of van Duin3 who has criticized both the work of Biilmann ' on the rate measurements and the suggestion of Slator oable intermediate products of the reaction. 4 as to the pro- Van Duin has contended that the ret;..ctions of' potassium iodide with o(-f'3-dibromopropionic acid and many other alkylene bromides, carried out at 25° in 75% ethanol solution Doth neutral m d acidified with hydrochloric acid, 0 • re third order, beint; first order with respect to the di~romide and second order with respect to the potassium iodide. Vfhile the conditions under which the reaction rates were carried out in these various investigations were !."cot exactly the same, there is sufficient similarity in some of the experiments to warrant 2. the conclusion that all these reactions would be the same order. Now van Duin was in error when he concluded that his reactions were third order since the constant which he obtained at dif'ferent concentrations of potassium iodide was not the same. He assumed that the order was proven merely because these third order values remained constant during a single run. This is not a valid assumption since any other low order constant would have done the same. In this paper it is shown that on recalculating van Duin's data second order constants are obtained which are in ha.nnony with those of Biilma.nn and of Dillon and Young. To account for these results the present author proposes the following mechanism: (a.) R0C(HBr + r- (b) R-CHI R!CHBr R.!.6HBr + = R-CHI• R!CHB r 2r- = + R-CH II R.!..CH Br+ I 3- + In the section which follows several possible mechanisms for the reaction are discussed, this one being given under IV. 3. Discussion A. Possible Mechanisms of the Reaction.- The reaction of potassium iodide with alkylene bromides to give free iodine, potassium bromide, and an unsaturated compound may be represented by equation I. I R-CHBR I R.!..CHBr = R-CH R.!.CH + + However, since in the presence of an excess of iodide ion, its reaction with iodine (equation II) takes place instantaneously and completely, II = the overall reaction is better expressed by equation III. III R-CHBr ' R.!.CHBr R-CH + = RLCH " + The mechanisms that may be postulated for reaction III are represented by the follo1ri.ng schemes: IV R-CHBr a b V VI R-CHI a R-CHBr + I' RlCHBr b • R!CHBr c R-CHI I R!CHI B-CHI R-CHBr • R.!CHBr b R-CHI ' R.!CHI + I 3 - +Br- R-CHI RJ.6HBr + Br- + Br- R-CHI = r- R•Cli = Il!CH 21- + + = R-CH I - R..!CH " = r- + + + Br = R.!.CHBr ' 21- + :tUCHBr a R-CHI + r R.!.CHBr ' R.!CHI + I3- R-CHI 2Br= Bl CHI + • = R-CH •• R!CH -I I 3 4. In any of these cases it may be assumed either (a) that one of the steps goes with a slow measurable rate. while the others are instantaneous, or (b) that two or more measurable rates with the same or different constants are superimposed. In the latter case the overall rate •~ill c~ange during the course of the reaction and hence will not be a simple second or third order rate. The experimental evidence in every case shows the rate to be constant throughout the first half of the course, so the first assumption is taken to be the correct one. 'fhe reactions a.re not carried further than one-hal.f way to completion since the work of Slator and of Biilmann indicates that there is an equilibrium point where the reaction is about 98% complete. and it is ouviously necessary to keep far enough removed from this point to avoid its influence on the rate measure~ents. Since any one of the steps in t;hese mechanisms may be the measurable one. there are a great many cases that must be considered. However, to limit them to three it is only necessary to compare the 1 rate of reaction of potassium iodide with ethylene bromiodide 3 and with ethylene bromide( ,'. The rate of the former is several hundred times as fast as the latter. Thus, it follows that the slow measurable rate must necess~rily be the first step in each case. Then, on this basis, mechanisms IV and V are second order and mechanism VI is third order. Mechanisms IV and V differ only in that the diiodide is not formed in the first case, whereas it is an intermediate product in the case of V, as well as in VI. The reaction as expressed in IV is the one that is suggested by Slater's conclusions. While Slater did not make any rate measure- 5. ments on allylene bromides, he investigated the rates of decomposition of ethylen_e iodide and ethylene bromiodide in the presence of potassium iodide end showed that in the latter case ethylene iodide could not be formed as an intermediate product. Analogously, he concluded that in the reaction of dibromides with potassium iodide, a diiodide would not be formed as an intermediate product. Thus, he could have concluded that the reaction rate of dibromides with potassium iodide should be second order and that the reaction should be expressed by mechanism IV and not by V or VI. Biiliii.ann, who was the first to investigate the rate of this reaction with dibromides, whowed that it was second order and that three molecules of potassium iodide were utilized. On this bases he may have considered mechanism IV as the probable one although in his paper he does not mention the fact. Van Duin has recently criticized the method of Biilmann in determining the order of the reaction by the method of van't Hoff and concluded that it was third order. As has been pointed out, van Duin's criterion for drawing this conclusion vrasnot a correct one. In addition, his experimental method is open to several criticisms which may possibly invalidate his conclusions. Furthermore, he considered the reaction to involve only two molecules of potassium iodide, thus going according to equation I and being represented by the first step only of mechanism VI along with an additional step, in which the diiodide decomposes instantaneously without the utilization of a third molecule of potassium iodide. The mechanism as he suggests it is as follows: 6. ? VII a. · R-CnBr -H-'CHB _ r b R-CHI R.!.~HI + 21- = . = R-CH RlCH + R-CHI I R.!.CHI + 2Br - I2 Still more recent work on the rate measurements 1 substantiate the second order results of Biilma.nn andhence also point to mechanism IV as being the correct one. van Duin' s Data..- The reaction of alkylene bromides V'ri th potassium iodide has been utilized for the preparation of unsaturated compounds .. 5 since it goes very nearly to completion. The rate of this type of reaction was first rnea.ru red for c(-'3-dibromopropionic acid by Biilma.nn who found that the rate was second order and was expressed by the differential form -dc/dt = k 2 (CKr)(CDibromide)• He also found that the reaction utilized three molecules of potassium iodide as represented by equation III. The reaction was carried out at 25° in 1 N. sulphuric acid solutions using approximately equivalent amounts of dibromide and potassium iodide. This proba.oly wasnot as desirable as to have an excess of potassium iodide present since it has oeen found 1 that the second order constants a.re absolutely constant with varying initial concentrations ofme.teria.l providing the ratio of potassium iodide to dibromide is above 5.0. Apparently no precautions were taken in this work to exclude air from the solutions. This is particularly neces- sa.ry in these cases where the solutions were acid. Hence,. though these experimental results of Biilma.nn are open to some question as 7. to accuracy (as pointed out by van Duin), Biilma.nn definitely drew two conclusions: first, the.reaction was probably second order as one would expect; and second,that three molecules of potassium iodide entered into the reaction. Van Duin did not accept either conclu- sion because in his first paper 3a he was unaware of Biilmann's work and in his second paper 3 b he objected to the experimental methods used by Biilmarm. The rate measurements on the dibromobutanes 1 do not give any results in relation to the second conclusion, but they do verify the first one; Thus, the rate '1leasurements of 1,2-dibromobuta.ne and mesa and racemic 2,3-dibromobutane with potassium iodide at 75° in 99% methanol show the reaction to be second order. However, the reaction of oc.-f3-dibrompropionic acid and many other alkylene bromides with potassium iodide were investigated by van Duin, who maintained that the rate was third order and was expres2 sed by the differential fonn -dc/dt = k 3 (CKr) (Cnibromide)• The reac- tion was assumed to utilize only two molecules of potassium iodide for each molecule of dibromide according to equation I, the mechanism. being represented by VII. The reaction was carried out at 25° in 75% ethanol solution, either with or without the addition of' hydrochloric acid. Third order constants were calculated from the equation 1 t(2a-b) 2 [2x( 2a-b) b(b-2x) + ln a(b-2x)J b(a-x) obtained by integration of the above third order differential form. In this equation k 3 is the third order reaction constant expressed in 1 '2 • (molesjliter) ft\l.\n, t is the time in minutes, la.)is the initial a. concentration of di bromide in mo lies per liter at t = O; (b) is the initial concentration of potassium. iodide in moles per liter at t = O; and~)is the number of moles of the dibromide transformed at the time t. For a particular dibromide tvro concentrations of potassium iodide were used and the corresponding values of k 3 for the run were cal~ulated. Typical average results taken from the first paper of van Duin3 a are summarized in Table I. 9. TABLE I · Tnird Order Rate C6nstants of Various Di bromides as calculated by van Duin Di bromide (cone. = 0.025 molal) p-S0 3 Na 0 Na.I 2.0 CHBr-CHBr-COOH 1.0 p-S0 3 Na QcHBr-CHBr-COONa p-SO;;;Ne. QcHBr-CHBr-COOH Molal Concentrations HCl ' KI ~ 2.0 1.0 0.000675 0.00103 2.9 1.0 CH2 Br-CHBr-COONa 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.00303 0.00560 0.000746 0.00110 2.0 1.0 CIL,aBr-CHBr-COOH CIL,aBr-CHBr-COONa 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.000177 0.000330 0.0000351 0.0000535 0.0000261 0.0000459 Note.- The concentrations given in this and a.11 of the following tabfe~ correspond to the weighed quantities of 1aterials that are mixed together for the rate measurements and are slightly greater than the values of (a) and (b) corresponding to t = 0 in the expression for k 3 , since the reaction is measurable at 25° and cannot be considered from the time of mixing. 10. Throughout a given run van Duin found the values of k 3 to be remarkably constant as a typical example in Table II shows. TABLE II Third Order Constants for Two Individual F:.uns as Calculated by van Duin CH2 Br-CHBr-COONa 2.0 molal Na.I = 1.0 mole.l time (min) k3 time (min) k5 1213 2673 4151 5324 0.0000270 0.0000264 0.0000254 0.0000254 1216 0.0000459 0.0000462 0.0000461 0.0000459 Na.I = = 0.025 molal Mean 0.0000261 2677 4155 5327 Mean 0.0000459 11. ~efore considering the experiment which van Duin used to determine the order of the reaction three types of experiments that he carried out must be mentioned. First, it 1!'1"8.S found that hydrogen ion did not exert a catalytic influence on the reaction since the rate was the same in 0.5 molal and in 0.25 molal hydrochloric acid. This acid was added in some of the experiments in order to decrease the ionization of the dibromo compound when it \"RS an acid, since as might be expected the ionized form reacted with a different rate than the unionized form. Second, the addition of some free iodine to the reac- ting substances was found to decrease the third order constants; thus without any initial iodine present k 3 was found to be 0.00304 while with the addition of some free iodine the value was 0.00268. Third, the addition of Na+ or K+ as Na.Br, Na.Cl, KBr, or KCl to the reacting solutions was found to exert an apparent catalytic effect on the rates. To determine the order of the reaction, the normal sodium salt of p-sulphodi bromohydrocinnan i c acid was reacted with 2~ times the theoretical amount of sodium iodide, thus the dibromide was 0.05 molal and the sodium iodide was 0.25 molal. To prevent the reaction from being _ disturbed by the liberation of iodine the solution was titrated at several intervals with sodium thiosulphate of such concentration that there was no change in the sodium ion concentration. At the end of each time interval, the iodine was reduced back to iodide ion. tetrathionate ions were added to the solution and the concentrations of all of the substances except the sodium ion were as a wtole decreased by 12. an ~'11ount i.r~to equi vi:;~ en t ' to C:;he sol1.;,tic: added ir: the titration. account the rirst and le st 1"'10 cors van Uuin c~i lcu~ated stants i'or the four suecessive intervals of tirne. :;i.rile TII a:1d sc lt:ly on this basis f'.c, cor~c1uded laking rate con- l'hese Fcre shown in that the reaction -;ms third order and proceeds accordinb to equation I and mechanism VII. TAiJLE III ~ate Constants for Various Orders rime k, ------- kn --...£--- -~.iL_ 1st interval, 511 nin. 0.000196 0.000807 0.00332 2nd interval, 70'0 min. 0.000178 0.000771 0.00335 :3rd interval, 74,l mir_._. 0.000163 0.000145 0.00341 4th interval, d46 !TI.ir1. 0.000148 0.0)0709 o. 00.33 8 13. A reaction of the type under consideration to be called third order is defined as one which experimentally agrees with the empirical mathematical expression -dc/dt = k 3 (Ca)(Cb) 2 • buch a re.action should obviously give the same constant not only in a given run but also in different runs for varying initial concentrations of' (a) and (b~ The third order constants as calculated by van Duin from.his experimentaldata are summarized in Tables I, II and III. They agree with the relation on the first count but not on the second, which is the most important one since under the conditions of the experiments in which such a large excess of potassium or sodium iodide was used, constants calculated for any order would not change a great deal throughout a given run where the iodide ion concentration remains essentially constant. The reaction therefore can not be third order (or as van Duin terms it, trimolecular). M0 reover, the results given in Table III are probably fortuitous and may be criticized for at least two reasons. First, the solution in which the rate !'!leasure- ments were determined was exceedingly complex there being several factors, such as ionization, which mey- change with time and thus affect the rate. Second~ since sodium thiosulphate is known to react quite rapidly with dibromo compounds6 there is considerable probability that sodium tetrathionate would do likewise, resulting in a decreased dibromide concentration and hence a slower reaction rate. The conversion of the third order constants as calculated by van Duin into second order constants may be readily done in an approximate manner. The difference between the approximate and true value arises because the initial concentrations on which the values 14. of k 3 were calculated by van Duin are not the concentrations as given in the tables, but a value slightly smaller than these by an amount equivalent to the extent to which the reaction had proceeded when the rate measurements were begun. few percent. . The difference amounts to only a In addition, the values of' the second order constant, which will be calculated, do not correspond to the probable mechanism of the reaction but to the mechanism as suggested by van Duin. This follows because the calculations are ma.de from the third order constants of van Duin which were based on his mechanism that utilized only two molecules of potassium iodide instead of' three. Since the potassium iodide concentrations are large compared to those of the dibromide, the differences between these values and those based on the probable mechanism as expressed by IV are quite small and would be approximately the same for different potassium iodide concentrations. Therefore the recalculated constants are still comparable even though they are not the true absolute values. 'rhe degree of accuracy of the results does not warrant the more accurate calculations which would be laborious. For the purpose at hand the a.pproxi..'llate values will be given. For the reaction either -dc/dt= k 2 (Ca)(Cb) or -dc/dt = k 3 (Ca)(Cb) 2 holds, depending on whether it is assumed to be second order or third order. Since the value of -dc/dt is experimen- tal and is therefore the same regardless of what rate expression is used, and since at t = 0 the concentrations f Ca' and tcb7 are the 15. initial concentrations of' tat and tbt, the two expressions may be equated giving k2 (Ca)(Cb) = k3 (Ca)(Cb) 2 or k2 = k3(Cb) Thus, multiplying van Duin's thrid order constants, k 3 , by the concentration of potassium or sodium iodide, gives the approximate second order constant, ~· In Table IV are summarized the values of k 2 as calculated in this manner, along with the values of k 3 as given by VP..n Duin. The agreement in the values of k 2 is not entirely satisfac- tory, but it is much better than for the values of k 3 and thus it is concluded that the reaction is second order. TABLE VI Second Order Constants calculated from van Duin's Third Order Values and a Comparison of the Value of k 2 and k 3 • Di bromide Molal Cone. of KI 2.0 ks k2 (vanDuin) (Dillon) ___ Percent Deviation from , . mean value \(~ ki. :!:29.7 :!:3. 9 11155. 5 "'i3.5 -17.1 +72.4 - 3.5 1.0 0.00303 0.00560 0.00606 0.00560 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.000177 0.000330 0.000686 0.000354 0.000330 0.000343 CH.,,BrCH.,,Br "'-• 0.5 1.0 0.000388 0.000150 0.000194 0.000150 :!:43.2 ±12.s QcHBrCH2Br o.5 1.0 0.00132 0.000524 0.000660 0.000524 + -42.1 ±n. s o.s 1.0 0.00102 0.000399 0.000510 0.000399 + -43.7 !12.1 <::)cHBrCHBrCOOH o.5 1.0 0.0241 0.0122 0.0120 0.0122 !33.1 !1.6 <::)cHBrCHBrCOONa o.s 0.0431 0.0170 0.0216 0.0110 ;- " -43.8 ~11.9 p-S0 3 Na<::::)CHBrCHBrCOOH CH2 BrCHBrCOOH ,.;., CE£BrCHBrCOOEt 1.0 o.o ...... . m c:)cHBrCHBrCOOEt o.s 1.0 HOOC.CHBrCHBrCOOH o.s l.O 0.0300 0.0122 0.0150 0.0122 !42.1 ±10.3 0.00103 0.000548 0.000515 0.000548 :t30.6 !3.0 17. The apparent retarding effect of iodine on the reaction rate as found by van Duin on introducing iodine into the reaction mixture at the beginning of a run is not due to a retarding effect of the iodine as this author supposed. It is easily accounted for when the reaction of potassium iodide with iodine is taken into account. . The experiment was carried out by introducing a definite amount of iodine into the mixture along with the initial reactants. \.of \C~ In this case a smaller valu"}lwas found than that obtained without the addition of initial iodine. Thus, he concluded that the iodine pro- duced a retarding effect. It should be pointed out that if this con- clusion were true then the final constants for a:ny run should be smaller than the initial ones, which was not the case. In aqueous solutions equivalent amounts of pota.ssiu.rn iodide and iodine reach an equilibrium in which about one-half of the iodine is converted into the triiodide ion, I 3 - . In sufficient excess of potassium iodide the reaction goes to completion with a resulting decrease in potassium iodide concentration equivalent to the iodine originally present. In alcohol solutions the same conditions would be expected to hold and hence in these experiments the iodine liberated in the reaction as well as that added at the beginning of the experiment would result in a decrease of potassium iodide equivalent to these two values. This fact was proven in the work of Biilmann by an experiment which was almost identical with that made by van Duin. Further proof is found by recalculating the data of van Duin for this experiment. Taking into account the above factor 1 the recalculated values of constants are gi vrn in Table V. 18. TABLE V Calculation of Second and Third Order Constants Showing the ~ffect of Triiodide Ion F'orrnation KI = o.25 molal Dibromide = 0.025 molal A. without Initial Iodine k~ k3 Time (min) Using 2KI (van Duin) 931 1721 2586 3856 0.00303 0.00305 0.00300 0.00299 Using 3KI (Dillon) Using 2KI Using 3KI (by Dillon) 0.00309 0.000742 0.000741 0.000718 0.000705 o.oo:ns 0.00313 0.00318 0.000749 0.000752 0.000739 0.000727 B. with Initial Iodine (8quivalent to about 1/J.O of the initial KI) 932 1724 0.00275 0.00271 0.00345 0.00345 2587 0.00268 o.oo:Ha 3858 0.00258 0.00342 0.000675 0.000659 0.000644 0.000613 0.000757 0.000745 0.000735 0.000705 19. While the results are not too good they are satisfactory enough to justify the assumption that three potassium iodide molecules enter into the reaction instead of two and that there is not a retardind effect of the iodine. The result is thus in accord 1"fith the work of Biilma.nn, which van Duin disregarded. In spite of the convincing evidenc.e given in Slater's work on the decomposition of ethylene iodide and ethylene bromiodide in the presence of potassium iodide, that a diiodide would not be formed as an intermediate product in the reaction of alkylene bromides with potassium iodide, van Duin prefers to assume that they are formed. This is, however, to be expected as it is probably a necessary consequence of the conclusion that the reaction is third order. Additional basis for van Duin's preference is based on the fact that calculations of the rate of the diiodide decomposition under conditions which prevail in his experiments gives a value for the rate that is 250 times that of the rate of' reaction of the dibrom compound. He therefore concludes that the formation of diiodide is entirely possible without its being detected due to its effect on the total overall rate. On the basis of this calculation and his results of the rate measurements, the conclusion is perfectly valid 1 but it evidently entirely disregarded the considerations of Slator. But the recalculation of rate constants has shown that van Duin 1 s conclusions regarding the order of the reaction are in error and thus there is no experimental evidence which supports his mechanism. 20. Conclusions The discussion and results given in this paper show 1. That the results and conclusions of van Duin on the rates and the mechanism of the reaction of potassium iodide with alkylene bromides are incorrect because a) the reaction as he studied it is essentially second order instead of third order, b) the reaction uses three molecules of potassium iodide,instead of two, for ea.ch molecule of dibromide, and c) the iodine fanned in the reaction does not exert a retarding influence on the rate; 2. That therefore his results a.re in accord with those of Biilmann and Dillon and Young; e.nd 3. That the probable mechanism of the reaction of potassium iodide with alkylene bromides is expressed by the following equations (a) R-GHBr R.!CHBr + r- = R-CHI R..!CHBr (b) R-CHI I R!CHBr + 21- I = R-CH R.!CH K + Br- + I3 -+ Br- where (a) goes with a slow measurable rate and (b) is instantaneous. 21. References 1. Dillon and Young, This Thesis, Article number 5. 2. Biilmann, Rec.tra.v.chim., 36, 319 (1916). 3. (a) van Duin, Rec.trav.chim., 43, 341 (1924). (b) va.n Duin, ibid., 45, 345 (1926). 4. Slater, J.Chem.Soc., ~, 1697 ~1904). 5. Perkin, J.Chem.Soc., 24, 437 (1871), Kohler, Am. Chem ..J., 42; 377 \19GJ7), Finkelstein, Ber., 43°; 1528 ll910), van Duin, reference'"3" lb). 6. Slator, J.Chem.Soc., 85, l286 (1904).