Design of a Gas Fired Space Heater Citation McNeal, Robert Francis (1948) Design of a Gas Fired Space Heater. Engineer's thesis, California Institute of Technology. doi:10.7907/rzj7-en55. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:06062025-152349287 Abstract Wall mounted, vented, gas fired space heaters now being manufactured are surveyed. An analysis of the market requirements for such a heater is presented. Recent technical developments in gas heating are summarized; a new type of grid gas burner is investigated. Factors important to design of space heaters are discussed. From these, a heater design is evolved suitable for the majority of the residences being constructed today. The appearance is developed to suit contemporary architecture. Item Type: Thesis (Engineer's thesis) Subject Keywords: (Industrial Design) Degree Grantor: California Institute of Technology Division: Engineering and Applied Science Major Option: Engineering Thesis Availability: Public (worldwide access) Research Advisor(s): Unknown, Unknown Thesis Committee: Unknown, Unknown Defense Date: 1 January 1948 Record Number: CaltechTHESIS:06062025-152349287 Persistent URL: https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:06062025-152349287 DOI: 10.7907/rzj7-en55 Default Usage Policy: No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided. ID Code: 17414 Collection: CaltechTHESIS Deposited By: Benjamin Perez Deposited On: 26 Jun 2025 18:43 Last Modified: 26 Jun 2025 19:18 Thesis Files PDF - Final Version See Usage Policy. 24MB Repository Staff Only: item control page

DE S I GN OF A GAS THESIS BY - - - - F I RE D S P ACE HE AT E R - - - - ROBERT Fe MCLEAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR C A L P A THE F O R N I A S A D E N A DEGREE OF INDUSTRIAL I N S T I T U T E I 9 4 8 O F DESIGNER T E C H N O L O G Y C A L F O R N I A I I A C K N O WL E D G ME N T THE AUTHOR IS INDEBTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE INDUSTRIAL DESIGN SECTION AND TO HIS COMMITTEE MEMBERS FOR VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS PERTAINING TO THIS STUDY. MESSRS. R. N. BOWMAN, L. PRICE,JR, AND A. J. LAMPERT, OF THE RHEEM MANUFACTURING COMPANY, HAVE GIVEN GENEROUS ASSISTANCE IN DEVELOPING THE DESIGN. CONTRlBUTIONS OF TECHNICAL DATA BY HEATER MANUFACTURERS HAVE.PROVED TO BE OF CONSIDERABLE VALUEo THE AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION, PARTICULARLY MR. FRANK FIEDLER,JR, HAS BEEN VERY HELPFUL. III A B S T R A C T WALL MOUNTED, VENTED, GAS FIRED SPACE HEATERS NOW BEING MANUFACTURED ARE SURVEYED. AN ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCH A HEATER IS PRESENTED. RECENT TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN GAS HEATING ARE SUMMARIZES; A NEW TYPE OF GRID GAS BURNER IS INVESTIGATEDo FACTORS IMPORTANT TO DESIGN OF SPACE HEATERS ARE DISCUSSED. FROM THESE, A HEATER DESIGN IS EVOLVED SUITABL~ FOR THE MAJORITY OF THE RESIDENCES BEING CONSTRUCTED TODAY. THE APPEARANCE IS DEVELOPED TO SUIT CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS PART PAGE TITLE INTRODUCTION II DESIGN SUM MARY 2 III PRODUCT SURVEY 3 IV MARKET ANALYSIS 15 V TECHNICAL 23 INVESTIGATIONS VI DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 27 VI I FINAL DESIGN 38 VI I I CONCLUSION 70 IX REFERENCES 71 X APPENDIX 75 V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE TITLE PAGE FINAL DESIGN TABLE I FIGURE FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5 TABLE 2 FIGURE 6 TABLE 3 FRONT VIEW FACING 2 MANUFACTURERS OF APPROVED WALL HEATERS CAPACITIES OF 43 VENTED WALL CIRCULATORS CAPACITY RANGES OF GAS FIRED HEATERS CUTAWAY OF TYPICAL VENTED WALL CIRCULATOR ROYAL JET-FLOW AND PAYNE PANELAIR FRAMING FOR ROYAL JET-FLOW HEATING VARIATIONS WITH VARIOUS HEATERS PROPOSED HEATER INSTALLATION 5 6 6 7 9 10 II 17 NEW RESIDENTIAL UNITS CONSTRUCTED - % OF NATIONAL TOTAL VOLUME 19 20 FIGURE 7 SALES OF GAS FIRED HEATERS, 1946 AND 1947 GRID GAS BURNER FIGURE 8 BURNER 42 FIGURE 9 HEAT EXCHANGER 46 TABLE 4 25 FIGURE 10 DRAFT HOOD 49 FIGURE II DUCTING AND SHIELDING 51 FIGURE 12 REGISTER HEAD 53 OUTLET REGISTERS 55 FIGURE 13 FIGURE 14 RETURN AIR REGISTER AND GRILLE 56 FIGURE 15 BASIC STRUCTURAL MEMBER 57 FIGURE 16 FRAME 59 FIGURE 17 FRAME DETAILS 60 PANELS - 62 FIGURE 18 19 TYPICAL PANEL r DETAILS 63 FIGURE 20 ASSEMBLY 65 FIGURE 21 INSTALLATION ARRANGEMENTS 67 APPROVED SPACE HEATERS 75 FIGURE TABLE 5 2 DE S I G ~~ SUMMA RY DE SCR I f:l T I ON THE HEATER WHICH LY VENTED, OF HEAT HAS BEEN DEVELOPED IT CAN BE OPERATED WITH NATURAL, OR LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM OF THE BURNER. THE MAXIMUM INPUT EFFICIENCY OF 70%, THE OUTPUT HAS BEEN MADE FOR STAT CONTROL. VARIOUS CAN BE EMPLOYED, IS 55 000 BTU PER HEAT EITHER MANUAL HOUR. PRO- AUTOMATIC THERMO- COMBINATIONS OF THREE HEAT OUTLETS CAN BE CENTRALLY LOCATED TO EFFaCTIVELY SEVERAL ADJOINING CONTROLS PROVIDE OR HOUR AT AN ASSUMED IS 38 500 BTU PER AND THE HEATER MANU- GASES BY SIMPLE VARIATIONS BA S ED ON THE GROSS HEATING VALUE OF THE GAS; VISION FUL- AND EMPLOYS CIRCULATING AIR AS THE MAJOR MEANS TRANSFER. FACTURED, IS WALL ENCLOSED, ROOMS. VARIABLE VOLUME A S IMPLE MEANS OF CONTROLLING HEAT BALANCE. FEi'HURES fHE FOLLOWING UNIQUE OR NOVEL FEAlURES HAVE BEEN INCORPO- RATED: THE HEATER IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE HOUSE, I TS STRUCTURAL FRAME CARRIES THE VERTICAL AND LATERAL LOADS OF THE WALL S ECTION A MODULAR FRAME AND PANEL IN MANY TYPES OF IT OCCUPIES. S YSTEM ALLOWS INSTALLATION ' CONSTRUCTION WITHOUT SPECIAL A COMBINATION OF RADIANT PANEL FRAMING. AND CIRCULATING AIR OUTLETS PROVIDES MAXIMUM FLEXIBILITY AND HIGH HEATING EFFICIENCY. THE BURNER DE S IGN, WITH SLOTTED GRID TYPE PORTS, PRO- VIDES UNUSUALLY HIGH PRIMARY AIR CAPACITY AND ALLOWS FOR SIMPLE ALTERATION VARIOUS GASES. OF THE BURNER TO ACCOMODATE INTRODUCTION THE PROBLEM THE PROBLEM IS THE DESIGN OF A GAS FIRED, RESIDENTIAL SPACE HEATER. THE DESIGN WALL MOU~JTED AND CAP~CITY SHALL BE SUCH THAT THE HEATER WILL BE A SATISFACTORY CENTRALLY LOCATED UNIT FOR THE AVERAGE RESIDENCE OF TODAY. FEATURES OF OPERATION AND GATED AND, IF POSSIBLE, MENTS OF THE INSTALLATION ARE TO BE THE APPROVAL DEVELOPED. UNIQUE INVEST!REQUIRE- AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION SHALL BE FULFILLED. CON SEC UTI ON PRELIMINARY INVESTIGAtlONS BEGAN WITH APPROVED SPACE HEATERS THE RELATIONSHIP SIDERED. A SURVEY OF ALL THE IN THE CATEGORY DESCRIBED ABOVE. OF SPACE HEATERS TO OTHER TYPES WAS CON- PERUSAL OF THE PERTINENT TECHNICAL DISINTERED NEW DEVELOPMENT POSSIBILITIES. LITERATURE THE HEATING REQUIREMENTS OF TYPICAL SMALL RESIDENCES WERE STUDIED; IDEAL CAPACITY AND ANALYSIS ARRA NGEM ENT WERE INDICATED P RESENT BUYING TENDENCIES AND FUTURE ONES. FROM THE ABOVE, DERAT ION WAS GIVEN MARKET POSSIBLE THE DE S IGN WAS DEVELOPED TO SATISFY THE STANDARDS OF P ERFOR MANCE POLICY. DETERMINED. AND SAFETY. TO COST OF MAN UFACTURE CONSI- AND MARKET I NG THE APPEARANCE WAS STYLED TO SUIT CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE. AN 3 PRODUCT SURVEY APPROACH PRODUCT ANALYSIS WAS DONE TO DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WALL MOUNTED, VENTED SPACE HEATERS NOW ON THE MARKET. THE RELATIONSHIP OF SUCH HEATERS TO OTHER GAS FIRED TYPES WAS INVESTIGATED. STUDY. TWO HEATERS WERE SELECTED FOR DETAILED SURVEY WAS CONFINED TO UNITS APPROVED BY THE AMER- ICAN GAS ASSOCIATION. DEFINITIONS A SPACE HEATER IS DEFINED AS: "A SELF CONTAINED GAS-BURNING APPLIANCE AND FOR HEATING ROOMSo INSTALLED IN THIS DEFINITION SHALL NOT IN' CLUDE UNIT HEATERS, CENTRAL HEATING GAS APPLIANCES, NOR GARAGE HEATERS 11 • (I) * A VENTED APPLIANCE 11 1N ORDER TO IS DEFINED BY: BE CLASSIFIED AS A VENTED HEATER, 90% OF THE FLUE GASES SHALL BE CARRIED OUT OF THE FLUE OUTLET".(2) WHILE A FLUE OUTLET IS: "THE OPENING PROVIDED IN AN APPLIANCE FOR THE ESCAPE OF THE FLUE GASES".(3) SPACE HEATER STUDY THE SPACE HEATERS APPROVED UNDER AMERICAN STANDARDS BY THE . AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION WERE THE SUBJECTS OF THIS STUDY; HEATERS ON THE MARKET NOT INCLUDED IN THE APPROVED LIST ARE INSIGNIFICANT IN NUMBER. * NUMERALS IN PARENTHESES REFER TO REFERENCES FOLLOWING TEXT 4 PRODUCT SURVEY 01 f HE 557 MODELS APPROVED FOR USE WITH NATURAL AND MANUFACTURED GASES, 43 ARE CLASSIFIED AS VENTED WALL CIRCULATORS, OR 7.7%; OF THE 526 MODELS APPROVED FOR USE WITH LIQU- EFIED PETROLEUM GASES, 28 ARE CLASSIFIED AS VENTED WALL CIRCULATORS, OR ··~ 5.~~• THIS DOES NOT INCLUDE THOSE SPACE HEATERS APPROVED UNDER AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR USE AT HIGH ALTITUDES. (4) THERE ARE LISTED (4) FIFTEEN MANUFACTURERS OF APPROVED MODELS OF VENTED WALL CIRCULATORS; EACH IS GEOGRAPHICALLY, ONE IN ARIZONA, TEXAS, AND INDIANA, AND TWELVE ARE Los ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. TURERS WITH ADDRESSES, IN A LISTING OF THE MANUFAC- HEATER TRADE NAMES, AND INPUT CAP- AC(TY WITH NATURAL OR MANUFACTURED GAS, OF HEATER MODELS IS IN TABLE I. A MORE COMPLETE SUMMARY OF WALL MOUNTED SPACE HEATERS MAY BE FOUND IN TABLE 5, APPENDIX A. T HIS WAS COMPILED FROM SALES LITERATURE AND TECHNICAL DATA OBTAINED FROM THE LISTED MANUFACTURERS. IT WILL BE NOTICED THAT THE RANGE OF HEAT FOR THESE HEATERS IS INPUT CAPACITIES 10 000 TO 60 000 BTU PER HOUR WITH NATURAL OR MANUFACTURED GASES. A CAPACITY FREQUENCY DIS- TRIBUTION GRAPH OF THE 43 MODELS IS SHOWN IN FIGURE t. A COMPARISON OF VENTED WALL CIRCULATORS WITH ALL OTHER TYPES OF GAS HEATERS IS SHOWN IN flGURE 2, WHICH WAS COMPILED FROM AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION APPROVALS. (4) RELATIVELY, THE VENTED WALL CIRCULATOR IS SEEN TO BE OF MEDIUM CAPACITY. INC. THE FOLSOM COMPANY, [NC. TABLE I - I' TRADE NAME INPUT RATING* *BTU PER HOUR X 10 -3 1750 JEFFERSON BLVD. SHALLOW 25 37.5 45 PITLESS LOS ANGELES 7, CALIF. 60 449 w. ANAHEIM AVE. 20 PANEL-AIRE LONG BEACH 13, CALIF. 2127 w. COMMONWEALTH AVE.COMMO!it15 20 28 38 48 58 ALHAMBRA, CALIF. WEALTH P. o. BOX 150, PANELRAY 10 20 30 10-10 MONROVIA, CALIF. 10-20 20-20 3104 OAK LANE CIRKLA(R 12 20 28 DALLAS 10, TEXAS 3376 MOTOR AVE. HAMMEL LOS ANGELES 34, CALIF. I I. 5 30 45 620 W. (4TH STREET SAF-AIRE 10 18 ANDERSON, IND• 807 Ea GAGE AVE. 60 IDEAL LOS ANGELES I ' CAL I F. ARROYO PKWY. 875. s 0 37 45 58 HOLLY PASADENA 5, CALIF. 701 Wo JEFFERSON ST. 18 20 35 PALMA[RE PHOENIX, ARIZONA 336 Ne FOOTHILL ROAD 40 55 PANELAIR BEVERLY HILLS, CAL IF. 25 38 45 1024 WESTMINSTER AVE. 55 JET-FLOW ALHAMBRA, CALIF. 2940 Eo OLYMPIC BLVD. 38 45 HEATMASTER LOS ANGELES 23, CALIF. 4851 s. ALAMEDA ST. WALL-0-MATIC 50 LOS . ANGELES I I , CALIF. 1821 FLOWER ST. GLENDALE CALIF. w. ADDRESS MANUFACT URERS OF APPROVED WALL HEATERS WILLIAMS RADIATOR COMPANY UTILITY APPLIANCE CORP. UNIVERSAL METAL PRODUCTS ROYAL HEATERS, PAYNE FURNACE COMPANY PALMER MANUFACTUR(NG CORP. HOLLY MANUFACTURING COMPANY RESEARCH CORP. IDEAL HEATING CORP. HEATING HAMMEL RADIATOR ENGINEERING COMPANY DAY AND NIGHT MFG. co. & VENTILATING co. COMMONWEALT H COMPANY BARNES HEATING ANDREWS HEATER COMPANY MANUFACTURER ;o fTl < -< ;o C Cf) -i 0 C 0 0 7J (J1 8 PRODUCT SURVEY THE MAJORITY OF THE HEATERS LISTED CAN BE INSTALLED IN A 2 INCH X 4 INCH WOOD STUD WALL, USUALLY BETWEEN TWO STUD SPACES, ABOUT 30 INCHES. MOST USE A 4 INCH DIAMETER ROUND VENT OR EQUIVALENT VENT 0~ OVAL CROSS SECTION. THEY ARE GENERALLY EQUIPPED FOR MANUAL BURNER VALVE OPER~TION; ALL HAVE PILOT BURNER IGNITION. THEY CAN BE EQUIPPED WITH AUTOMATIC THERMOSTAT CONTROLSo REGULATORS. MOST HAVE GAS PRESSURE THE RETAIL PRICES VARY FROM $50 TO $225 AS IN TABLE 5, APPENDIX A. TWO HEATERS WERE SELECTED FOR DETAILED STUD{ AS THEY REPRESENT THE MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS. THEY ARE THE ROYAL JET FLOW, MANUFACTURED BY ROYAL HEATERS, INC. AND THE PANELAIR, MANUFACTUREDNBY THE PAYNE FURNACE COMPANY. T HESE UNITS ARE SHOWN IN FIGURE 4, DETAILED DATA APPEARS IN TABLE 5, APPENDIX A. THE ROYAL JET FLOW OF LARGEST CAPACITY, 55 000 BTU PER HOUR, OCCUPIES AN !~SIDE FLOOR SPACE OF I I IS 8 FEET HIGH. 5. COLD AIR THE FRAMING ARRANGEMENT IS SHOWN IS T~KEN IN FIGURE IN AT THE LOWER REGISTER TO SUPPLY COMBUSTION AND CIRCULATING AIRe OUT lo INCHES X 32 INCHES AND THE BURNER IS MOUNTED AB- INCHES ABOVE THE FLOOR IN THE LOWER END OF THE COR- RUGATED STEEL FIREBOX. COMBUSTION PRODUCTS ARE CONVEYED TO THE CENTRALLY LOCATED VENT, PASSED THROUGH THE DRAFT RELIEF HOOD AND EX~AUSTED TO THE OUTSIDE AIR ■ AN OUTER CASING AND A RADIATION SHIELD SURROUND THE FIREBOX AND 9 PRODUCT SURVEY The burner and fire -box are in position and connected to gos lines . Prefobricoted ports including reg isters are ready for quick assembly. The outer-casing and radiation shield are lifted into place. The riser, register head, vent pipe and condensation box are placed in posiHon. The pre-cut covering that conceols heating unit is assembled by carpenter. Cold air intake is at bottom and hot air register 6" below ceiling. ROYAL JET FLOW Front View Rear View With Ducts Attached PAYNE PANELAIR FIGURE 4 10 r RO DU CT ~.; UJ.~ VE Y I 8:!1,-~ -·, _ ___ __,,._ i-- - f\') i : !I II I II --· ·, 35 ,fl>'1:J(X) ,.... r ' r, ! I ,. i \ 3 3--k-c--~ --- • I. N ' ;"-I ··no:..IN~ •5,-i1li:>___.. .. F' .R. 0 NT 'li ·' I ';:,~ F ( l PL/\TE 1 SI DE - FR AM I f\JG . F OR 55 000 Bru , ROY /1L J ~T FL O'N FI GURE 5 II PRODUCT SURVEY dlRECT THE FLOW OF THE CIRCULATING AIR INTO THE RISER DUCTo THE HEATED AIR IS DELIVERED TO THE REGISTER HEAD AND FLOWS THROUGH THE OUTLET REGISTERS OUTLETS ARE INTO THE SPACES TO BE HEATED. 79 INCHES FROM iHE FLOOR AT THEIR LOWER EDGE AND THEY MAY BE EMPLOYED ON THE TWO SIDES AND ONE END OF THE HEATER. AN ADJUSTABLE BAFFLE CONTROLS THE HOT AIR FLOW TO THE SIDE OUTLEms. REGISTERS MAY BE PAINTED TO MATCH THE WALL. SEVERAL ADVANTAGES ARE CLAIMED FOR THIS HEATER.* THE FLOOR TO CEILING TEMPERATURE VARIATION RELATIVE TO OTHER HEATING METHODS IS SHOWN IN TABLE 2. HEATING METHOD TEMPERATURE VAR.IATION ~ 2n TO 60" BASEMENT BOILER- HOT WATER RADIATOR GRAVITY CIRCULATION 50 FORCED HST AIR, 90 HIGH OUTLETS ROYAL JET FLOW 10° FLOOR FURNACE (APPROX. 38" DEEP) 17° SPACE HEATERS (CONSOLE TYPE) 23° ROOM TO ROOM VARIATION TABLE 2 - HEATING VARIATIONS WITH VARIOUS HEATERS~ o F *IN A LETTER TO AUTHOR, OCTOBER 22, 1947, MR. R.T. LOWRIE OF ROYAL HEATERS, INC. STATES IN PART:--"A SERIES OF TESTS ON THE ROYAL JET FLOW WAS CONDUCTED AT THE ~UREAU OF STANDARDS IN WASHINGTON, ~.C., AT THE REQUEST OF THE FEDERAL HOUSING ADMlNISTRATION. - - - THE ROYAL JET FLOW OUTPERFORMED FLOOR FURNACES, SPACE HEATERS, AND CONVENTIONAL WALL HEATERS. - - - THE UNIT COSTS APPROXIMATELY THE SAME. THE ROYAL JET FLOW, WITH AN INPUT RATING OF 45 000 8Tu,o8AN BE INSTALLED IN NEW CbNSTRUCTION FOR AS L 1 TTL E AS $ I 4 ~ •" 12 PRODUCT SURVEY fHE VELOCITY OF CIRCULATION IS SAID TO APPROACH AN VELOCITY OF 250 FEET PER MINUTE. DRAFTS ABOVE HEAD LEVEL. ED AIR IS SAID TO BE HIGH OUTLET GRILLES KEEP THE CIRCULATION PATH OF THE HEAT- IDEAL. IT IS ALSO CLAIMED THAT THE HIGH, HOT AIRSTREAM CONVERTS THE CEILING PANEL, IDEAL INTO A RADIANT BUT THE QUANTATIVE EFFECT OF THIS IS DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE AND PROBABLY NEGLrGIBLE. THE DISADVANTAGES OF THIS HEATER RELATIVE TO OTHER VENTED WALL CIRCULATORS ARE SEVERAL. CONSIDERABLY MORE MATERIAL THE FRAMING MORE SPACE IS REQUIRED IS OCCUPIED AND IN THE MANUFACTURE. IS RELATIVELY COMPLEX AND CONSl0ERABLY MORE FINISH WORK MUST BE DONE TO FIT THE SPECIALLY CUT EXTERIOR PANELS. THE UNIT MAY BE THERMALLY LESS EFFICIENT BECAUSE OF THE RELATIVELY LONGER PATH OF THE CONVECTION AIR AND CONSEQUENT HIGHER LOSSES. THE HIGH OUTLET GRILLES RESULT IN A LONGER TIME REQUIREMENT TO BRING A COLO ROOM TO COMFORT TEMPERATURE. IT COSTS MORE THAN MOST OF THE LISTED HEATERS OF EQUIVALENT CAPACITYe THE PAYNE PANELAIR OF 55 000 BTU PER HOUR IS DESIGNED PRIMARILY FOR RECESSING SECTIONj IT MAY ALSO BE ENCLOSED ILITY ROOM. INPUT CAPACITY INTO A FURRED WALL IN A SMALL CLOSET OR UT- IT OCCUPIES A FLOOR AREA OF 29 3/8 INCHES X 9 3/8 INCHES AND IS 84 INCHES HIGH; FINISHED IN HEAT RESISTING BAKED ENAMEL, IT MAY BE A WALL OR IN A CORNER. INSTALLED EXPOSED AGAINST ROOM AIR IS DRAWN IN AT ABOUT 76 13 PRODUCT SURVEY INCHES HEIGHT AND DISCHARGED THROUGH OUTLET GRILLES ABOUT 12 INCHES ABOVE THE FLOOR, FROM ONE OR ALL THREE SIDES AS WELL AS DIRECTLY FROM THE FRONT. TWO 1/80 HORSEPOWER SHADED POLE TYPE ELECTRIC MOTORS ARE MOUNTED ON VIBRATION INSULATORS BEHIND THE AIR GRILLES THE FAN COMPARTMENT AT THE TOP OF THE CASING, IN AND ARE DIR- ECTLY CONNECTED TO FIVE-BLADED PROPELLOR FANS WHICH FORCE THE AIR DOWNWARD OVER THE HEATING ELEMENT. BUILT IN DUAL THERMOSTATIC CONTROLS PROVIDE TWO SPEED FAN OPERATION. THE DIRECTION OF AIR CIRCULATION IS SEEN TO BE THE REVERSE OF THAT OF THE ROYAL JET FLOW. CENTER SECTION OF CASING EN- CLOSES A RIBBED MONOSECTION HEATING ELEMENT WITH INTEGRAL RADIATOR. UPPER END FLOATS FREE BY MEANS OF SLOTTED SUP- • PORTS, ALL VERTICAL EXPANSION BEING ABSORBED BY FLEXIBLE WOVEN ASBESTOS JOINT AT FLUE GAS OUTLET, FROM EXPANSION NOISES. SLOTTED PORTS. AFFORDING FREEDOM BURNERS ARE OF CAST IRON WITH OPERATION IS SAID TO BE REMARKABLY STABLE AND QUIET WITH ALL GASES. THE GAS CONTROL ASSEMBLY WHICH IS ENCLOSED IN THE LOWER SECTION OF THE CASING CAN BE EASILY REMOVED. IT COMPRISES MAIN AND PILOT COCKS, LOW PRESSURE REGULATOR, PILOT, ELECTRIC CONTROL VALVE WITH SAFETY AND MANIFOLD WITH ORIFICESe BUILT IN LIMIT CONTROL ARE PROVIDED. A ROOM TH ~ RMOSTAT AND ALL WIRING AND CON- TROLS ARE FACTORY ASSEMBLED. THE OPERATION IS ENTIRELY AUTOMATIC. ROOM THERMOSTAT 14 PRODUCT SURVEY CAUSES BURNERS TO TURN ON. AS AIR BECOMES WARMED, DUAL FAN CONTROL FIRST STARTS FANS AT LOW SPEED, PROVIDING IF DESIRED ROOM TEMPERATURE IS DELIVERY OF WARMED AIR. NOT OBTAINED WITHIN EIGHT MINUTES, FAN CONTROL SWITCHES FANS TO FULL SPEED. AS ROOM TEMPERATURE BURNERS ARE TURNED OFF. SPEED; IS REACHED, FANS SUBSEQUENTLY SWITCH TO LOW AND FINALLY OFF WHEN NO FURTHER HEAT IS NEEDED. IN AVERAGE WEATHER, LOW SPEED. PANELAIR FANS OPERATE ALMOST CONTINUOUSLY AT IS APPROVED FOR INSTALLATION IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH WOOD OR OTHER COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL. APPLICATION IS LIMITED TO DIRECT DISCHARGE OF AIR FROM CASING GRILLES OR THROUGH-THE-WALL DUCTS HAVING A MAXIMUM LENGTH OF 8 INCHES. THE ADVANTAGES ARE CLAIMED TO BE: LOW CASING AND DUCT LOS- SES, WARM FLOOR AREAS, EXCEPTIONALLY HIGH HEATING EFFICI- ENCY FOR WALL HEATERS, AND RESULTING OPERATING ECONOMY. THE DISADVANTAGES ARE: SPECIAL FRAMING NECESSARY FOR IN- STALLATION, CURRENT), ELECTRIC WIRING NECESSARY AND VERY HIGH COST, - ABOUT (I 15 VOLT, 60 CYCLE $225, WHICH MAKES IT THE MOST EXPENSIVE OF ALL THE HEATERS SURVEYED. 15 MARKET ANALYSIS APPROACH MARKET ANALYSIS BEGAN WITH A SURVEY OF PRESENT RESIDENCES TO DETERMINE HEATING NEEDS, AND AN INVESTIGATION OF NUMBERS AND NATURES OF RESIDENCES TO BE CONSTRUCTED. SALES RECORDS AND PREDICTED SALES FOR GAS HEATERS WERE PERUSED AND CLASSIFIED INTO NUMBERS AND TYPES. THE METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION OF GAS APPLIANCES WERE EXAMINED, SIBLE FUTURE OF THE GAS-FUEL AND THE POS- INDUSTRY WAS CONSIDERED. RESIDENTIAL PLAN STUDY IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH THE TYPE OF HEATING EQUIPMENT SUITED TO PRESENT DAY RESIDENCES, APPROXIMATELY PLANS WERE EXAMINED. (5) AREAS WAS FROM 750 TO 1500 SQUARE FEET, AS THIS IS THE RANGE (6) (7) (8) 120 HOUSE FLOOR THE RANGE OF FLOOR IN WHICH THE GREAT BULK OF CONTEMPORARY HOMES ARE BEING BUILT. SINCE A SINGLE, CENTRALLY LOCATED HEATER IS CONTEMPLATED, THE ACTUAL LOCATION OF S~CH A UNIT WAS INDICATED ON EACH FLOOR PLAN, WHEN POSSIBLE. THE FOLLOWING OBSERVATIONS WERE MADE: 0 THE LIV lt'.JGr DINING AREAS OF THE MAJORITY OF THE PLANS WERE NOT SEP~RATE AND COULD BE ADEQUATELY HEATED FROM ONE> •QU .T U[T: lLOOAT I ON. 0 MOST OF THE PLANS CONTAINED A HALLWAY CONNECTING THE LIVING AREA WITH THE BEDROOMS AND THE LATTER COULD BE HEATED THROUGH THEIR DOOR OPENINGS BY HEAT INTRODUCED INTO THE HALL. 0 Irr WAS FREQUENTLY POSSIBLE TO ARRANGE THE HEATER SO 16 MARKET ANALYSIS THAT A DIRECT OUTLET INTO THE KITCHEN OR ONE OF THE BEDROOMS WAS POSSIBLE IN ADDITION TO THOSE DESCRIBED ABOVE. A TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN OF A TWO BEDROOM, RESIDENCE IS SHOWN POSSIBILITY OF IN FIGURE 6, WITH 1000 SQUARE FOOT INDICATION OF THE INSTALLING A CENTRAL HEATER. THE VALIDITY OF THE ABOVE OBSERVATIONS IS SUBSTANIATIED BY NOTING THE HEATING PROVISIONS, WHEN POSSIBLE, WHICH HAVE BEEN INDICATED IN THE PLANS EXAMINED. 0 THE GREAT MAJORITY OF THE SMALL HOMES REVIEWED HAVE SOME TYPE OF CENTRALLY LOCATED HEATING UNIT. 0 WHEN DESIGNED FOR A RELATIVELY MILD CLIMATE, SUCH AS THE FAR WEST AND SOUTHWESj OF THE UNITED STATES, A GRAVITY TYPE CIRCULATING HEATER IS LIKELY TO BE USED. 0 WHEN DESIGNED FOR RELATIVELY COLD CLIMATES, SUCH AS THE MIDDLE WEST AND EAST SECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, A FORCED CIRCULATION OF THE HEATING MEDIUM IS LIKELY ' TO BE EMPLOYED. HENCE, IT IS ASSUMED: 0 THE AVERAGE SMALL RESIDENCE CAN BE HEATED BY A SINGLE CENTRAL UNIT. SUCH A HEATER MUST BE ARRANGED TO HEAT SEVERAL ROOMS. IN THE FAR WESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES, A UNIT EMPLOYING GRAVITY CIRCULATION MAY BE USED. 17 BATH BED ROOM KITCHEN HALL DINING LIVING f' t_;\ f· ! OF TYF'IC.<\l. SM,~.LL BED RE~3 1 D [ NC E OF ROOM APP RCX! :. : , ·,·,·:1.Y 10(0 S~ UARE FE ET AREA PROPOSE D HE ATtR INSTAL L~Tl CN FI GUR[ 6 18 MARKET ANALYSIS RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION SURVEY IT IS CONTEMPLATED THAT THE HEATER TO BE DEVELOPED IS CHIEFLY FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION; IN THE HOUSE PLANS AND BUILT IT WOULD BE SPECIFIED IN AT ERECTION. THE DIFFICULTIES OF INSTALLING A SINGLE, CENTRAL, IN-THE-WALL UNIT ING ARE IN PASSING, IMMEDIATELY APPARENT. IN REMODEL- IT SHOULD BE MENTIONED THAT MOST HEATER MANUFACTURERS MAKE A ''LINE" OF SEVERAL TYPES, AND THAT THE FREE STANDING CONSOLES OR THE SMALL SINGLE WALL UNITS ARE LIKELY TO BE MOST SATISFACTORY FOR SALES FOR REMODELING. MANUFACTURERS OF APPROVED HEATING EQUIPMENT ARE FOUND IN THIRTY STATES OF THE UNITED STATES AND ARE WIDELY SCATTERED GEOGRAPNICALLY. (4) SINCE, AS SHOWN ON PAGE 5, OF. THE 15 MANUFACTURERS ARE FOUND 12 IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, IT MAY BE ASSUMED THAT THIS TYPE OF HEATER FINDS ITS CHIEF MARKET IN THE PACIFIC STATES AND THE SOUTHWEST. BER OF NEW, PRIVATELY FINANCED DWELLING UNITS STA~TED (NON-GOVERNMENT) THE NUMFAMILY IN THE NON-FARM AREAS OF THE STATES IN WHICH THE HEATER UNDER DEVELOPMENT CAN BE SOLD SHOWN IN TABLE 3. IT WILL BE NOTED THAT THE TOTAL NEW RES- IDENTIAL UNITS FOR THE YEARS 1945, 1946, AND 1947 REPRESENTS A SUBSTANTIAL PROPORTION OF THE NATIONAL TOTAL - 30% AND 40%. IS BETWEEN WHILE RELIABLE PREDICTIONS OF THE FUTURE ARE NOT AVAILABLE AT THIS WRITING, STRUCTION ACTIVITY OPINIONS OF THOSE IN CON- INDICATE THAT THE SITUATION SHOWN WILL PROBABLY CONTINUE FOR SOME YEARS TO COME. THE NATIONAL 19 MARKET ANALYSIS 1946 STATE 1947 TOTALS 277 000 31 .4 229 900 33.0 86 700 38.2 ARIZONA 4 100 .5 2 100 .3 600 .7 CALIFORNIA 145 000 I 6. 5 127 500 18.3 47 700 21. 0 NEW MEXICO 4 400 .5 2 800 .4 000 .4 OREGON 14 300 1.6 I I 200 I. 6 4 300 1.9 TEXAS 87 400 9.9 70 400 10.1 25 600 I I. 3 WASHINGTON 21 400 2.4 15 ~00 2.3 6 500 2.9 % % TABLE 3 - NEW RESIDENTIAL UNITS CONSTRUCTED TOTAL RESIDENTIAL VOLUME ( 9) 1945 % - % OF NATIONAL TOTAL DOLLAR VOLUME OF RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES FOR 1948 IS ESTIMATED AS $11 475 000 000, AN INCREASE OF $1 570 000 000 OVER THE 1947 TOTAL. (10) THE AVERAGE COST OF NEW FAMILY DWELLING UNITS STARTED IN ' SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DURING THE LAST QUARTER OF WAS $8 400. (9) 1947 AT AN ASSUMED AVERAGE COST OF $10 PER SQUARE FOOT FOR CONSTRUCTION, THE AVERAGE UNIT WOULD BE ABOUT 850 SQUARE FEET. LIMITS OF PLUS OR MINUS 250 SQUARE FEET ON THE ABOVE PROBABLY INCLUDE THE GREAT MAJORITY OF PRESENT RESIDENCE CONSTRUCTION. GAS HEATER SALES SURVEY IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED THAT THERE WERE 2 300 000 GAS FIRED CENTRAL HEATERS IN USE IN THE UNITED STATED ON DECEMBER 31, 1947, AN INCREASE OF 13.f % OVER 1946. (11) THE ESTIMATED 20 MARKET ANALYSIS SALES FOR 1946 AND 1947 ARE SHOWN IN TABLE 4. TYPE 1947 1946 %CHANGE WALL HEATERS 155 000 58 000 + 167 FLOOR FURNACES 295 000 242 000 WARM AIR FURNACES 168 000 230 000 CONVERSION BURNERS 90 000 400 000 - 27.0 - 77o5 BOILERS 44 000 32 560 + TABLE 4 - SALES OF GAS FI RED HEATERS THE DROP + 17.8 35.4 1946 AND 1947 (II) IN SALES OF WARM AIR FURNACES AND CONVERSION BURN- ERS WAS OWING TO GOVERNMENT RESTRICTION ON THEIR USE SOME AREAS DURING 1947. INDICATES THE GROWING THE LARGE LOCATED TYPE; INCREASE IN IN WALL HEATERS IMPORTANCE OF THIS TYPE OF HEATING. NOT ALL OF THE WALL HEATERS IN TABLE 4 WERE OF THE CENTRALLY SEVERAL WERE USED IN SOME DWELLING UNITSe THE VERY SMALL CIRCULATORS OR RADIANT HEATERS OF ANY SIZE ARE NOT ( 12) INCLUDED MEMBERS OF THE IN THE FIGURES, HOWEVER. INDUSTRY WHO HAVE BEEN INTERVIEWED FEEL THAT THE SALES VOLUME OF SPACE HEATERS FOR 1948 WILL BE ABOUT THE SAME AS FOR 1947, BARRING EMERGENCIES. CREASING USE OF GAS IS THE IN- ILLUSTRATED BY THE FO OLOWING QUO- TATION: "--- IN THE NEW HOME FIELD, A STRONG PREFERENCE FOR GAS HEATING IS APPARENT. THE NATIONAL HOUSING AGENCY, FOR EXAMPLE, REPORTED RECENTLY THAT OF 620 000 DWELLING UNITS 21 MARKET ANALYSIS PLANNED UNDER THE VETERANS EMERGENCY HOUSING PROGRAM UP TO JULY 26, (946, GAS HEATING SYSTEMS WERE PROVIDED IN 52%, WITH COAL AND OIL AMOUNTING TO 27% AND 21 % RESPECTIVELY." (IJ) HEATER DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS THERE ARE THREE MAJOR CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION FROM THE MANUFACTURER OF HEATERS TO THE ULTIMATE PURCHASER: 0 MANUFACTURER TO PLUMBING AND HEATING CONTRACTORS WHO SELL THE HEATER AND MAKE INSTALLATION. 0 MANUFACTURER TO WHOLESALER WHO SELLS TO CONTRACTORS AND RETAIL OUTLETS. 0 MANUFACTURER SELLS TO ULTIMATE PURCHASER AND MAKES INSTALLATION THROUGH FACTORY OWNED SALES OUTLETS. ALL OF THE AB OVE METHODS ARE EMPLOYED BY ONE OR ANOTHER OF THE MANUFACTURERS L I STED IN TABLE I, PRODUCT SURVEY. 0 FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS STUDY IT WILL BE ASSUMED THAT THE MANUFACTURER SELLS DIRECT TO THE PLUMBING AND HEATING CONTRACTOR, MAKES THE WHO SELLS HEATER AT PROFIT AND INSTALLATION. GAS SERVICE TRENDS A BRIEF CONSIDERATION OF THE TRENDS OF GAS SERVICE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN I NCLUDED TO ASSIST FUTURE HEATING APPLIANCE NEEDS. FOR IN THE IN EVALUATION OF (43) (947, THERE WERE 21 500 000 CUSTOMERS OF GAS UTILITY COMPANIES; 10 268 000 WERE RECEIVING NATURAL GAS, 8 776 000 MANUFACTURED, AND 2 370 000 MIXED. A TOTAL OF 3 100 BIL- LION CUBIC FEET OF GASES WERE SUPPL[ED. VOLUME OF NATURAL 22 MARKET ANALYSIS GAS MOVI NG IN INTERSTATE COMMERCE WILL BE PROXIMATELY I 310 BILLION CUBIC FEET INCREASED AP- IF ALL PROPOSED NEW PIPE LINE PROJECTS ARE AUTHORIZED AND CONSTRUCTED, ESTIMATED BY THE FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION. OF IT IS ANNUAL VOLUME INTERSTATE MOVEMENTS OF NATURAL GAS, WHICH AMOUNTED TO I 106 CUBIC FEET IN 1945, MIGHT INCREASE TO WELL OVER 2 000 BILLION CUBIC FEET WITHIN THE NEXT SE VERAL YEARS. PRO- JECTED PIPE LINES FROM TEXAS TO DETROIT, TEXAS TO NEW YORK, AND TENNESSEE TO BOSTON WILL COMMUNITIES. INCREASE THE SERVICE GENERALLY, THE GAS INDUSTRY IS IN THOSE IN A PERIOD OF EXPANSION. SUMMARY THE SIGNIFICANT POINTS OF THIS ANALYSIS FOLLOW: 0 THE AVERAGE SMALL RESIDENCE CAN BE HEATED BY A SINGLE, CENTRAL UNIT WITH OUTLETS TO SEVERAL ROOMS. 0 A LARGE PART OF THE RESIDENCES BEING CONSTRUCTED ARE IN AREAS WHERE THE HEATER BEING DEVELOPED CAN BE EMPLOYED. 0 SALES OF WALL GAS HEATERS ARE INCREASING AND THE GAS INDUSTRY, IN GENERAL, IS EXPANDING. 23 TECHNIC AL IN VES TIG ATIONS APPR OACH LITERATURE ON THE AMINED. GENERAL SUBJECT OF GAS HEATING WAS EX- MATERIAL PERTAINING TO MANY TYPES OTHER THAN SPACE HEATERS WAS INCLUDED IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBILI- TIES OF APPLYING SOME OF THE DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF THE FORMER. A NEWLY DEVELOPED GRID GAS BURNER WAS EXAMINED FOR POSSIBLE APPLICATION. GENERAL INVE STI GA TION TWO TREAT I SES, FUELS AND FUEL ( 14) ( 15) AND FU RNACES AN EXCELLENT WORK, WHILE PRIMARILY GAVE USEFUL ING BURNERS AND FUELS, COMBUSTION PROVIDED A WEALTH OF GENERAL MATERIAL. PANEL ( 16), HEATING AND COOi ING ANALYSIS CONCERNED WITH RADIANT HEATING METHODS, INFORMATION ON THE FUNDAMENTAL NATURE OF HEAT- PROCESSES. THE PRACTICE OF THE BRITISH WAS STUDIED ( 21) AS RESULT TRUE, IT WAS IN (17) (18) (19) (20) FELT THAT THEIR LIMITED FUEL SUPPLIES MIG HT VERY EFFICIENT USAGE. WHILE THIS WAS GENERALLY IT WAS ALSO NOTED THAT MOST OF THE HEATERS ARE OF THE CERA MIC RADIANT TYPE, UNVENTED. HENCE, I NCR EASED E FF I C I EN C'Y IS ACHIEVED AT THE COST OF CONVENIENCE AND SAFETY. THE GENERAL FIELD OF CURRENT HEATING RESEARCH WAS COVERED ( 22); MOST OF THE DEVELOPMENTS MENTIONED WHICH APPLY TO SPACE HEATING HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED SECTION. ALSO, IN THE PRODUCT SURVEY A REPORT ON VENTING THAT THE DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (23) OF SATISFACTORY APPLIANCE INDICATED VENTS IS 24 LARGELY BY CUT AND TRY CONFIGURATIONS LABORATORY METHODS ALTHOUGH CERTAIN ARE USUALLY SATISFACTORY. GRID GAS BUR NE R STUDY A NEWLY DEVELOPED GAS BURNER WHICH EMPLOYS A STAMPED GRID TYPE PORT OF RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION AND UNUSUALLY HIGH PRIMARY AIR FIGURE 7). INJECTION WAS OPERATES WITH INVESTIGATED (SEE THIS BURNER FORMS THE SUBJECT OF UNITED STATES PATENT APPLICATION SERIAL 742 244 (24) AND MISSION OF MR. THIS BURNER PRINCI- PLE A.J. LAMPERT, INVENTOR. HAS BEEN APPLIED TO ROUND BURNERS OF TYPE: THE IS USED BY PER- THE WATER HEATER INVESTIGATION WAS MADE TO DETERMINE THE POSSI- BILITIES OF APPLYING IT TO A LONG, NARROW S PACE HEATER BUR- NER. LABORATORY TESTS HAVE SHOWN THAT THIS BURNER OPERATES WITH GOOD FLAME CHARACTERISTICS ON UNUSUALLY HIGH INJECTION. * RESULTS IN PRIM~RY AIR THIS ALLOWS CLOSER SPACING OF THE PORTS AND A RELATIVELY SMALL BURNER. THE PORTS ARE FORMED BY A STAMPED SHEET METAL GRI D WHICH PERMITS MENT OF READY ADJUST- PORT SIZE BY CHA NGING THE GAGE OF THE BECAUSE OF THIS FEATURE, A SINGLE SET OF PATTERNS MAY BE USED TO PRODUCE A BURNER WHICH WILL OF GASES WITH MINIMUM MACHINING OUT THE BURNER, CONSTANT, THE GRID MEMBER. HANDLE A WIDE VARIETY OF THE CASTINGS. CROSS SECTIONAL AREA THROUGH- I S SUBSTANTIALLY AND HIGH DISCHARGE VELOCITIES WHICH MIGHT CAUSE FLAME LIFTING AT THE PORTS ARE AVOIDED. *PRIMARY AIR IS DEFINED AS: "THE AIR INTRODUCED INTO A BURNER AND WHICH MIXES WITH THE GAS BEFORE IT REACHES THE PORT OR PORTS" (I) 25 CH 1\Mt3 ER ' -------.. / _.... _t ___ \ ~ / - ~ r --- __-.,,, ~ - /~ , , ,/ . • ' - . ./ ;,·.· ;;- · ;:, 0 r\ T S• 26 THE BROADEST CLAIM OF THE (SEE FIGURE PATENT APPLICATION FOLLOWS: 7) "A GAS BURNER COMPRISING A BASE MEMBER HAVING AN AIR INLET, A MIXING CHAMBER, TO SAID MIXING CHAMBER, ING RADIALLY SECTION, A FLARED SECTION CONNECTED AND AN ANNULAR FLANGE EXTEND- FROM THE LARGER PERIPHERY OF SAID FLARED A CAP HAVING A CENTER SECTION CONCAVED THE DIRECTION OF THE FLARED SECTION OVERLYING IN IN SPACED RELATION SAID FLARED SECT ION AND AN ANNULAR FLANGE ABOUT THE PERIPHERY OF S AID CONCAVED CENTER SECTION AND COMPLEMENTARY TO SAID FLARED SECTION ANNULAR FLANGE, A SPACING AND PORT FORMING GRID REMOVABLY DISPOSED BE- TWEEN SAID TWO COMPLEMENTARY FLANGES, THE FLARED SECTIONS HAVING CAP AND BE I NG ADAPTED TO DEF I NE A GAS PASSAGE A SUBSTANTIALLY UNIFORM CROSS SECTIONAL IT PROGRESSES OUTWARDLY" ( 24.) . AREA AS 27 DESIGN CONSIDER ATIONS APPROACH THE HUMAN FACTORS INVOLVED IN THERMAL ENVIRONMENT CONTROL WERE CONSIDERED. BASED ON THESE, THE POSSIBLE DESIGNS FOR THE CONTEMPLATED HEATER WERE DEVELOPED. PRODUCED AN IDEAL GENERAL ARRANGEMENT. EVALUATION OF ~ESE THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION WHICH MUST BE MET FOR APPROVAL WERE EXAMINED. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PS YCH OLOGICAL FACTORS "ALL THE SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES FOR CONTROLLING BODY HEATLOSS WHICH ARE IN USE TODAY CAN READILY BE CLASSIFIED UNDER ONE OR MORE OF THREE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS: THERMAL RESISTANCE; (2) (I) VARY I NG THE VARYING THE QUANTITY OF ENERGY SUP- PLIED FROM OR DISSIPATED TO AN AUXILIARY SOURCE OR SINK; (3) VARYING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AMBIENT AIR." FIRST METHOD IS ENTIRELY SUBJECTIVE AND WITH THE TYPE OF CLOTHING WORN; HERE. THE IMPORTANCE OF COMFORT Al R CONDITIONING IT (25) THE IS CHIEFLY CONCERNED IS OF LITTLE SIGNIFICANCE THE OTHER TWO WILL BE EVALUATED. IS DEFINED AS: "THE PROCESS BY WHICH SIMULTANEOUSLY THE TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE CONTENT, INCLOSED SPACES MOVEMENT AND QUALITY OF THE AIR INTENDED FOR HUMAN OCCUPANCY MAY BE MAINTAINED WITHIN REQUIRED LIMITS." THE "REQUIRED LIMITS" (26) ARE A FAIRLY BROAD RANGE OF CONDITIONS. EXPERIMENT SHOWS THAT COMFORT MAY BE REALIZED THE AIR AND IN IN A ROOM WITH STRUCTURAL SURFACES AT A UNIFORM TEMPERATURE ~ 7 □ °F. 28 ALSO, IT MAY BE ATTAINED WITH AN AIR TEMPERATURE OF 600F PROVIDED THAT THE SURFACE TEMPERATURES ARE ABOUT 80°F, WITH AN AIR TEMPERATURE OF 800F TURES ARE 60°F. IF THE SURFACE TEMPERA- IN ALL CASES THE HUMIDITY, AND QUALITY ARE THE SAME. AIR MOVEMENT, (27) THE ABOVE MAY BE CLARIFIED BY A CONSIDERATION OF THE TORS WHICH AFFECT THE THERMAL MAN BODY AND ITS OR ENVIRONMENT. FAC- INTERCHANGE BETWEEN THE HUTHE HUMAN BODY PRODUCES ENERGY BY TISSUE OXIDATION WHICH MUST BE STORED WITH AN ACCOMPANYING RISE DOING WORK, IN BODY TEMPERAT~RE, OR MUST FOR COMFORT, BE TRANSFERRED TO MUST BE USED IN THE ENVIRONMENT. THE HUMAN BODY AT REST MUST ELIMINATE HEAT AT A RATE CORRESPONDING TO THE BASIC METABOLISM RATE, ALLY ABOUT 400 BTU PER ALL USU- HOUR. HOUSEHOLD HEATING SYSTEMS MAY ~E CONSIDERED AS COMBIN- ING THE SOURCE OR SINK CONCEPT WITH CONTROL OF THE AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE. THE DEGREE TO WHICH ONE OR THE OTHER EMPHASIZED DETERMINES THE TYPE OF HEATING SYSTEM. FORCED AIR CONVECTION METHOD RELIES ALMOST BIENT AIR TEMPERATURE CONTROL, OBTAINED ONLY FROM THE ROOMS. THAT TYPE OF CEILINGS, RADIANT IS THE ENTIRELY ON AM- WITH SOURCE OR SINK EFFECT ' INDUCED SURFACE TEMPERATURES OF THE HEATING WHICH UTILIZES THE FLOORS, OR WALLS AS PANEL HEATING. HEAT SOURCES IS GENERALLY CALLED HERE, THE SOURCE OR SINK PRINCIPLE IS MAXIMIZED WITH MINIMUM EMPLOYMENT OF CONVECTION AIR EFFECTS. 29 AS HAS BEEN WALL INDICATED (SEE PRODUCT SURVEY), HEATERS UNDER CONSIDERATION HEATERS, EMPLOYING GRAVITY AIR BIENT AIR. GRAVITY THE VENTED ARE PRIMARILY CONVECTION CIRCULATION TO WARM THE AM- AIR CIRCULATION IS THE TERM ARISING FROM THE CONVECTION CURRENT CREATED BY THE DIFFERENCE SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF THE HEATED AIR LEAVING THE TOP OF THE HEATER AND THE RETURNING COOLED FECTS OF RADIANT ELABORATION; ALSO, AIR. THE ~LEASURABLE EF- HEAT SOURCES ARE TOO WELL THE OPEN FIREPLACE A PURELY CIRCULATING TIME TO IN KNOWN TO REQUIRE IS MENTIONED AS AN EXAMPLE. SYSTEM REQUIRES A RELATIVELY LONG COME TO TEMPERATURE; RADIANT HEAT, BEING SENSIBLE, IS FELT MUCH MORE QUICKLY. AN INHERENT DIFFICULTY WITH CONVECTION AIR SHOULD BE MENTIONED 16 400F OR LESS, IF THE UPON HEATING TO PERATURE OF 70°F, LOW LEVEL, HERE. INITIAL SPACE HEATING AIR TEMPERATURE THE ACCEPTED COMFORT TEM- THE HUMIDITY DROPS TO AN UNCOMFORTABLY EVEN THOUGH IT MAY HAVE BEEN VERY HIGH INITIALLY. MOST CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS PROVIDE SOME TYPE OF HUMIDITY CONTROL, INVESTIGATION OF THESE DEVICES HAS FAILED TO BUT DIVULGE METHODS BY WHICH SUCH CONTROL SPACE HEATING. THUS, CAN BE APPLIED TO A FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM REMAINS UNSOLVED. IDEAL SO LUTION THE FOLLOWING ARE SET FORTH AS FOR A VENTED, WALL MOUNTED, IDEAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS SPACE HEATER WHICH IS TO BE CENTRALLY LOCATED TO HEAT SEVERAL ROOMS. 0 THE CIRCULATING AIR PATH SHOULD BE RELATIVELY LONG TO PREVENT LOCALIZED CIRCULATION AND TO REACH DISTANT 30 ROOM AREAS. 0 PROVISION FOR A RADIANT HEATING PANEL ON AT LEAST ONE SIDE SHOULD BE MADE TO PROVIDE MAXIMUM FLEXIBILITY AND COMFORT. 0 THE METHOD OF INSTALLATION SHOULD BE SIMPLE AND INEXPENSIVE AND ADAPTED TO MANY TYPES OF RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION. 0 THE UNIT SHOULD BE ECONOMICAL TO MANUFACTURE, SHOULD MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION, AND SHOULD SELL AT A PRICE COMPETITIVE WITH COMPARABLE WALL CIRCULATORS. 0 OPERATION MUST BE RELIABLE AND SAFE AND THE APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE AMERICAN GAS AS S OCIATION MUST BE MET. POSSIBLE ME THODS OF ACHIEV ING IDE AL THE ABOVE ITEMS WILL BE TAKEN UP SINGLY AND VARIOUS POS- SIBLE SOLUTIONS WILL BE DISCUSSED. THE LENGTH OF THE CIRCULATING AIR PATH CAN BE INCREASED IN TWO WAYS: 0 THE HOT AIR OUTLET AND THE COLD Al R RETURN CAN BE SEPARATED AS FAR AS POSSIBLE. 0 THE AIR CAN BE MECHANICALLY PUMPED BY A FAN OR BLOWER. THE MOST PRACTICA L METHOD OF ACCOMPLISHING THE FIRST ARRANGEMENT IS TO PLACE THE OUTLETS VERTICAL PLANE; IN SUBSTANTIALLY THE SAME ONE AS NEAR THE CEILING AND THE OTHER AS NEAR THE FLOOR AS PRACTICAL. THE AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION HAS NOT ALLOWED DUCTING OUTSIDE THE CASING OF MORE THAN 31 8 INCHES LENGTH ON VENTED WALL CIRCULATORS.* ITY OF REMOTE DUCTED COLD AIR RETURNS NATED. IN METHOD, AS IS DONE PLACE THE HEATER IN THE IT WOULD NO CENTRAL HORSEPOWER HEAT I NG, LONGER BE A SPACE THE AIR COULD CEILING OR ANYTHING LARG- IN THE PAYNE PANELAIR. ER THAN A SMALL FAN OF FRACTIONAL SMALL FANS WITH THIS, ABOVE. AT THE FLOOR AND EXHAUSTED AT THE VICE-VERSA, GO RY AND IS THEREFORE ELIMI- AN ELECTRICALLY OPERATED FAN COULD BE USED TO AC- COMPLISH THE SECOND BE TAKEN THE POSSIBIL- INPUT WOULD FORCED A IR CATE- HEATER. INTRODUCE THE FOLLOWING COMPLICATIONS: 0 THE HEATER MUST BE WIRED ELECTRICALLY IN AN APPROVED MANNER. 0 THE USE OF AUTOMATIC THERMOSTAT CONTROL IS NECESSARY FOR SATISFACTORY OPERATION. Q THESE ADDITIONS RESULT IN AN INCREASED PRICE WHICH MAKES SALES COMPETITION WITH OTHER SPACE HEATERS DIFFICULT. THEREFORE, THE INLET NEAR THE HEATER TO BE DESIGNED WILL FLOOR AND THE HOT HAVE THE COLD AIR AIR OUTLET NEAR THE CEILING IN THE CLOSEST POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP TO THE HEATER CORE. THE RADIANT HEATING PROVISIONS FALL INTO TWO EXTREME CLASS!- FICATIONS: 0 A RELATIVELY SMALL, HIGH TEMPERATURE PANEL MAY BE EMPLOYED. *THE ABOVE STATEMENT WAS CONFIRMED BY CONVERSATION WITH MR. FRANK FIEDLER, JR., ASSISTANT SUPERVISOR, AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION, INC., PACIFIC COAST BRANCH TESTING LABORATORIES. MR. FIEDLER FURTHER STATED THAT NO DUCTING WOULD BE ALLOWED OUTSIDE THE HEATER CASING ON SUBSEQUENT MODELS, EXCEPT FOR SHORT FL ANGE S. 32 A RELATIVELY LARGE, LOW TEMPERATURE PANEL MAY BE EMPLOYED. THE LARGE PANEL MIGHT BE OF NEARLY FULL OF NEARLY FLOOR TO CEILING HEIGHT. RATE AT NOT BE IT WOULD PROBABLY OPE- A TEMPERATURE LOW ENOUGH THAT A GUARD GRILLE WOULD IT COULD THEREFORE BE REQUIRED. THE WALL WOULD HEATER WIDTH AND INSTALLED FLUSH WITH IN AN ARCHITECTURALLY PLEASING MANNER. HOWEVER, IT BE DIFFICULT TO COVER SUCH A PANEL WITH MATCHING WALL MATERIAL IN SOME CASES; E.G., WO:)[, PANELING. WOULD BE DIFFICULT TO MAKE PROPER IT INTERNAL CIRCULATING AIR PROVISIONS WITH A LARGE RADIANT PANEL; BE TOO LOW. FURTHER, AIR NOISES RESULTING FROM PANEL VELOCITIES MIGHT EXPANSION ANO CON- TRA8TION MIGHT BE DIFFICULT TO ELIMINATE. AL SO , SU CH A P A- NEL WOULD PROBABLY HAVE TO BE A CASING AROUND THE PRIMARY COMBUSTION CHAMBER ELEMENT, AND THE COSTS OF MATERI AL AND MAN UFACTURE WOULD BE HIGH. THE RELATIVELY SMALL GRILLE TYPE GUARD, HIGH TEMPERATURE PANEL MUST HAVE A AND IT COMBUSTION CHAMBER S URFACE HOWEVER, IT WHICH WILL IS DESIRABLE THAT THE BE EMPLOYED AS THE RADIANT PANEL. IS DIFFICULT TO FIND FINISHES STAND PRIMARY HIGH TEMPERATURES SO THAT MATCHING ROOM COLORS IN LIGHT COLORS (APPROXIMATELY 9000F) IS DIFFICULT. PROVISIONS CAN BE RATHER SIMPLY ARRANGED AND CIRCULATING AIR EXPANSION NOISES CAN BE CONTROLLED. T HEREFOR E, THE RADIANT PANEL WILL PERATURE TYPE WITH GRILLE GUARD. BER WILL BE EMPLOYED, IF POSSIBLE. BE OF THE SMALL, HIGH TEM- THE ACTUAL COMBUSTION CHAM- 33 THERE ARE TWO GENERAL CONCEPTS WHICH MAY BE FOLLOWED PERTAINING TO THE METHOD OF INSTALLATION. 0 THE HEATER MAY BE A FREE STANDING, SHIELDED UNIT WHICH FITS INTO THE HOUSE WALL STRUCTURE. 0 THE HEATER MAY BE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE WALL IT OCCUPIES, FRAME CARRY I NG VERT I CAL AND LATERAL LOADS I TS AND BEING ADAPTABLE TO VARIOUS TYPES OF CONSTRUC- TION WITH VARIABLE, THE FIRST TYPE OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION. PANEL~. INSTALLATION RESULTS TIVELY LOW FIRST COST WHICH IS WELL FOR SMALL UNITS, ACCESSIBILITY FAIRLY GOOD. OF THE ROYAL JET FLOW, COSTLY AND IN IN A HEATER OF RELA- ADAPTED TO STUD WALL INSTALLATION HOWEVER, IS SIMPLE AND FOR UNITS OF THE SIZE INSTALLATION BECOMES A RELATIVELY INVOLVED PROCEDURE. LARGE METAL LINERS MUST BE PROVIDED TO KEEP TEMPERATURES WITHIN LIMITS; TWO CASINGS ARE BUILT AROUND SUCH HEATERS, TH& METAL LINERS AND THE HOUSE WALL. VENTING MAY REQUIRE CONSIDERABLE CUTTING AND REINFORCING OF HEATERS. THE SECOND METHOD OF INSTALLATION RESULTS IN A UNIT OF RELATIVELY HIGHER FIRST COST WHICH MAY MEET OPPOSITION THE FIELD BECAUSE HOWEVER, IT THE METHOD IS NEW AND OF IN NOT THE CUSTOMARY TYPE. INSTALLATION IS VERY SIMPLE AND CON- SIDERABLE LABOR SAVINGS SHOULD RESULT, IS NO LONGER A HAND TAILORED JO B; IT FRAMING AND PANELING IS TAKEN FROM THE SITE TO TH E FACTORY WHERE MASS PRODUCTION METHODS MAY BE EMPLOYED. FURTHER, IT IS EASILY ADAPTABLE TO METHODS OF OTHER THAN STUD WALL, SUCH AS CONCRETE BLOCK, CONSTRUCTION FRAMED STRUC- 34 TURES, AND POURED CONCRETE. MODULAR TYPE PANELING TORY FABRICATED, RESULTS IN SIMPLE FINISHING. CONSTRUCTION MAY BE SIMPLIFIED. THE PRECEEDING CONCLUSIONS A RELATIVELY LARGE, AN INTEGRAL, FAC- VENTING IN THIS SECTION HAVE POINTED TO FULL WALL HEIGHT HEATER. THEREFORE, LOAD CARRYING FRAME WITH MODULAR WALL WILL BE EMPLOYED TO REALIZE MINIMUM PANELING INSTALLATION COSTS. IN THE FIELD OF HEATING APPLIANCES, TWO GENERAL METHODS OF MANUFACTURE ARE ENCOUNTERED. 0 THE DETAIL PARTS ARE OF THE SIMPLEST TYPE MADE LARGELY ON HAND OPERATED MACHINES AND WITH MINIMUM POWER MACHI NERY. ASSEMBLY OPERATIONS ARE NUMEROUS AND SOME- TIMES COMPLICATED. 0 THE DETAIL PARTS ARE RELATIVELY COMPLEX, MADE LARGELY ON POWER OPERATED PRESSES AND REQUIRING AND DIES. IT SPECIAL TOOLS ASSEMBLY OPERATIONS ARE RELATIVELY SIMPLE. IS WELL KNOWN THAT THE FIRST OF THE ABOVE METHODS CHARACTERISTIC OF SMALL, IS LOW, LABOR COSTS LOW CAPITAL OPERATIONS. ARE HIGH, AND BURDEN IS LOW. IS CHARACTERISTIC OF HIGH ffiODUCT ION OPERATIONS. ARE LOW AND BURDEN PRODUCTION THE SECOND LABOR cos~s IS RELATIVELY HIGH. IT WILL BE ASSUMED THAT WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE SECOND PHILOSOPHY WILL BE FOLLOWED SOUTH GATE, IS PRACTICABILITY, IN THE DESIGN. THE CALIFORNIA PLANT OF THE RHEEM MANUFACTURING COM- PANY HAS BEEN STUDIED; THE HEATER WILL IT FALLS BE DESIGNED FOR IN THE SECOND CATEGORY AND SUCH A PLANT. 35 REQUIREMENTS FOR APP ROVA L WITHOUT DISCUSSION PERTINENT SECTIONS OF THE APPROVAL REQUIREMENT FOR GAS SPACE HEATERS OF THE AMERICAN (28) CIATION WILL BE QUOTED: II PART I SEC . A. GAS ASSO- I 5. VEN T I NG EVERY SPACE HEATER HAVING A GAS INPUT RATING EXCESS OF 50 000 BTU PER HOUR SHALL IN BE OF THE VENTED TYPE. B, THE DESIGN OF VENTED HEATERS SHALL BE SUCH THAT THE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION FROM ALL BURNERS ARE CARRIED OUT OF THE APPLIANCE THROUGH A SINGLE FLUE OUTLET, SEC. C. --- 17. MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION SHEET METAL HEATING ELEMENTS AND BAFFLES SHALL BE OF A THICK NESS NOT LESS THAN NO. 20 U.S. STAN- DARD GAGE. O. RADIATION SHIELDS SHALL BE OF A THICKNESS NOT LESS THAN NO. E. EXCEPT FOR 25 U.S. STANDARD GA~E. FINISH STRIPS, ORNAMENTAL TRIMMINGS AND PARTS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, SHEET METAL PARTS SHALL BE OF A T H ICKNESS NOT LESS THAN NO, GAGE FOR CIRCULATORS AND NO, 22 25 U,S, STANDARD GAGE FOR RADIANT HEATERS AND RECESSED PORTIONS OF RECE S SED WALL TYPE HEATERS. F. THE CONSTRUCTION OF EVERY PART OF THE HEATER SHALL SHOW UNDUE SIGN S OF BE SUCH THAT BE e OM I NG WARPED , IT WILL NOT BE NT OR BROK EN AS T O NEGAT-E 36 THE HEATER'S COMPLIANCE W 1TH ANY OF THESE REQUIREMENTS. G. --- MATERIALS SHALL BE OF SUCH COMPOSITION THAT THEY WILL NOT DISINTEGRATE TO THE EXTENT THAT PARTI- CLES WILL SEPARATE AND DROP UPON THE BURNER AND AFFECT COMBUSTION. H. THE BODY FINISH SHALL BE DURABLE AND UNIFORMLY APPLIED. AFTER THE TERMINATION OF SPECIFIED HEREIN, ALL TESTS IT SHALL NOT SHOW UNDUE DIS- COLORATION OR DETERIORATION. SEC. 20. ASSEMBLY A. JOINTS OF HEATING SURFACES SPACE HEATERS SHALL IN VENTED TYPES OF BE OF DURABLE AND RIGID CON- STRUCTION; SUCH AS WELDED, BRAZED, BOLTED, SLIP, TONGUE AND GROOVE, MACHINED AND LAP, OR SCREW J O I NT , • AN D S HAL L NOT DE.P E ND P R I MAR I L Y ON C E ME NT FOR TIGHTNESS. B. ALL VITAL PARTS SHALL BE SUBSTANTIAL TO THE EX- TENT THAT THEY WILL NOT BE BROKEN OR DAMAGED BY ORDINARY HANDLING. c. THE CONSTRUCTION SHALL BE SUCH THAT VITAL PARTS OF THE HEATER CANNOT READILY BE INCORRECTLY IN- SERTED. D. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE HEATER SHALL BE OF A NEAT AND WORKMANLIKE CHARACTER WITH ALL PARTS WELL FITTED AND WITH BOLTS DRAWN UP TIGHTLY TO GIVE RIGIDITY. E. THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTS NOT COVERED BY THESE 37 REQUIREMENTS SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH REA- SONABLE CONCEPTS OF SAFETY, SUBSTANTIALITY AND DURABILITY." PART I I SEC. A• 20. HE ATING EFF ICIE NC Y VE NT E D S P AC E HE AT E RS HAV I NG I NP UT R AT I NG S EXCESS OF 20 000 BTU PER HOUR SHALL IN HAVE AN EFFICIENCY OF NOT LESS THAN 70% BASED ON THE HIGHER HEATING VALUE OF THE GAS. " SEC. 12. FLOOR, WALL AND FLUE TEMPERATURES C. THE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE AT POINTS OF CONTACT BE- TWEEN A RECESSED CIRCULATING TYPE WALL HEATER AND ANY PORTION OF THE WALL OR BUILDING STRUCTURE SHALL NOT BE MORE THAN 900F IN EXCESS OF ROOM TEMPERATURE. D. THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE• OF THE FLUE PRODUCTS FROM A CIRCULATING TYPE SPACE HEATER SHALL NOT EXCEED 5500F WHEN DETERMINED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE METHOD OF TEST SPECIFIED SEC. 13. ALLOWA BL E AIR TEMPERATURE A VENTED RECESSED WALL TYPE CIRCULATOR SHALL NOT DISCHARGE AIR AT A TEMPERATURE IN EXCESS OF ABOVE ROOM TEMPERATURE AT ANY ONE POINT." 3500F 38 FI NA L DE S IGN APPR OA CH THE HEATER INPUT CAPACITY WAS DETERMINED FROM REQUIREMENTS CALCULATED FOR A SMALL HEATER RESIDENCE . ELEMENTS WERE DEVELOPED. DESIGNS OF THE INDIVIDUAL THE EXTERNAL APPEARANCE WAS STYLED TO SUIT CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE. HEATER C.lW AC I TY THE CAPACITY OF GAS HEATERS FIRST IS DETERMINED BY TWO FACTORS: IS THE APPROXIMATE OUTPUT REQUIRED TO HEAT THE SPACE F O R WH I CH THE HEATER IS I NT ENDED . SECOND, THIS MUST BE ADJUSTED ACCORDING TO THE "LINE" MADE BY THE MANUFACTURER AND OFFERED BY THE COMPETITION. AN ESTIMATE OF HEAT ING CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS WAS MADE BASED UPON AN ASSUMED RES I DENCE OF REASONABLE SIZE AND AVERAGE HEAT LOSS. FOR SUCH A CALCULATIO N~ THE FEDERAL HOUSING AUTHORITY HAS ORIGINATED A SHORT-CUT METHOD FOR RESIDENTIAL HEAT LOSS DETER MINATIONS MISSION COEFFICIENTS. WHICH EMPLOYS FOUR SELECTED TRANS- (29) FORMULA APPLYS TO DETACHED HOUSES APPROXIMATELY RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE WITH TOTAL EX - TERIOR DOOR AND WINDOW AREAS EQUAL TO 25% OF THE FLOOR AREA AN D WI TH A MAX I MUM FL OOR ARE A OF ·I 5 0 0 SQUARE FEET • THE AREA WAS TAKE N AS S QUARE , 3 2 FEET BY 32 FEET OR ABOUT i000 S QUARE FEET OF USEFUL AREA . ASS UMED T O BE 8 FEET , THE CEILING HEIGHT WAS GIV I NG A VOLUME OF 8000 CUBIC FEET. TWENTY FIVE PERCENT OF THE VERTICAL AREA WAS ASSUMED TO BE WI NDOWS AND DOORS; AREA. T HE VERTICAL WALL AREA EQUALS THE FLOOR THE FO LLOW ING TYPE OF CO NSTRUCT ! ON WAS ASSUMED : 39 0 GENERAL -- FRAME WITH PIER FOUNDATION, FLAT ROOF. INCH STUDS WITH J INCH WOOD WALLS -- 2 INCH X 4 SHEATHING, BUILDING PAPER AND INCH STUCCO EXTERIOR, INSULATING BOARD LATH AND PLASTER ! INTERIOR. 0 FLOOR -- DOUBLE WOOD FLOOR ON JOISTS -- 25/32 INCH P I NE SU BF L OOR AN D ll 3 / :l 5 I NC H HARD WO OD F I N I S H F LO OR - ING. 0 ROOF -- FLAT WITH LATH AND PLASTER CEILING, WOOD, 2 I INCH INSULATING BOARD, A TOTAL THICKNE SS OF AS SHOWN IN APPENDIX AND BUILT UP ROOFING TO MAKE 1! INCHES. B, THE HEAT REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN AN 0 INTERIOR TEMPERATURE OF 55 F WITH AN OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE OF 300F SUMED IS 39,200 BTU PER HOUR. HEATER EFFICIENCY OF 70% , BTU PER HOUR OR 56 000 BTU USING THE PREVIOUSLY ASTHE HEATER INPUT IS 39 200 .70 PER HOUR. 0 IN ORDER TO PROVIDE READY COMPARISON WITH THE HEATERS ANALYSED IN DETAIL IN THE PRODUCT SURVEY, THE DESIGN INPUT OF THE HEATER BEING DEVELOPED WILL BE 55 000 BTU PER HOUR BASED ON THE HIGHER HEATING VALUE OF THE GAS. BUR NER DE S IGN THE BURNER "A DEVICE IS DEFINED AS: FOR THE FINAL CONVEYANCE OF THE GAS, OF GAS AND AIR, I, TO THE COMBUSTION INJECT! ON BURNER. OF A JET OF GAS TO BURNER AND MIX A. OR A MIXTURE ZONE.~ A BURNER EMPLOYING THE ENERGY INJECT AIR FOR COMBUSTION INTO THE IT WITH THE GAS AT LINE PRESSURE. ATMOSPHERE INJECTION BURNER, A BURNER IN 40 WHICH THE AIR AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE INJECT I ON BURNER AS DEF I NED ABO VE AMOUNT OF EXPERIMENT BY THE AND OTHERS HAS RESULTED (31) (32) (33) USING SUCH DATA, THE POSSIBILITIES OF UTI- HEATER BURNER WITH THE PRINCIPLES IN THE MARKET THE PUBLISHED DATA ON AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION IN MUCH PUBLISHED DATA ON BURNERS. LIZING A GRID TYPE SPACE AS SET FORTH IS USED A CONSIDER- ON SPACE HEATERS OF THE TYPE BEi NG DEVELOPED. ABLE INJECTED (30) INTO THE BURNER BY A JET OF GAS " THE ATMOSPHERIC IS INVESTIGATION WILL BURNERS IS BE DEVELOPED. CHIEFLY CONCERNED WITH TWO AIMS: 0 DESIGN OF BURNERS FOR SATISFACTORY FLAME CHARACTERISTICS. 0 DESIGN OF BURNERS FOR QUIET OPERATION. IN THE FIRST CATEGORY, MARY AIR INJECTION THE CHIEF CONCERN IS W 1TH THE PRI- AND WITH GAS FLOW VELOCITIES. BE ASSUMED THAT THE BURNER IS FOR NATURAL GAS, IT WILL TOTAL INPUT OF 55 000 BTU PER HOUR BASED ON THE GROSS OR HIGHER HEATING VAL UE OF T HE F UEL AT A GAS PRESSURE OF 7 . 0 LENT WATER COLUMN ABOVE ATMOSPHERIC. THE SECTION ON TECHNICAL I NC HE S OF AS WAS INVESTIGATIONS, E Q U I VA- I NO I C AT ED IN THE GRID GAS BURNER OPERATES SATISFACTORILY AT CONSIDERABLY HIGHER THAN THE PRIMARY AIR INJECTION OF 50% OF THE USUAL BURNER. DESCRIBED HAS BEEN PROVED AT 80% PRIMARY AIR; WILL BE ALSO, IT THE BURNER THIS INJECTION AS S UMED FOR THE PRESENT DESIGN. IS PLANNED TO ALL TIMES WITH A GAS SPECIFY THAT THE HEATER BE USED AT PRE SS URE REGULATOR WHICH LIMITS THE 41 GAS PRESSURE TO A MAXIMUM OF ' SIGN VALUES WILL 125% OF NORMAL AND NOMINAL OESINCE DESIGN BE TAKEN FROM THE LITERATURE. VALUES DEPEND UPON THE BURNER CONFIGURATION, AN ASSUMED GENERAL ARRANGEMENT BASED UPON THE GRID PORT PRINCIPLES SHOWN IN FIGURE 8. THE BURNER AND A ONE PIECE VENTURI SECTION, LONG, 24 HORIZONTAL.* IN INCLINED AT AN ANGLE OF 450 WITH THE ANO THE SPECIMEN GRID GAS BURNER OF PENDIX C. CASTING ITS CONVEX PROV ID ING SMOOTH GAS FLOW TO IN TERMS OF IS BOLTED TO THE INTERNAL SHAPE ASSISTS THE PORTS. FIGURE 7 HAS BEEN EVALUATED A B URNER PERFORMANCE CONSTANT, K., AS SHOW.N IN AP- THE PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION OF THE BURNER, TEST GAS CONDITIONS, THE AND THE AIR-GAS MIXTURE PERCENTAGE AND TEMPERATURES ARE SEEN TO BE INVOLVED SINCE THE EVALUATED GRID GAS BURNER DEAL AN ORIFICE, THE PORTS ARE ON BOTH SIDES OF THE A GRID RETAINING TRANSITION CASTING INCLUDE TYPE MIXING CHAMBER AND TRAN S ITION INCHES LONG. NARROW GRID AND IS SEEN TO IS IN THE EXPRESSION. IS OF A MORE NEARLY I- SHAPE THAN THE SPACE HEATER BURNER, THE VALUE OF K, 5 3.69x 10 , WILL BE REDUCED 20% OR K 1 : 2.95xlo 5 . ALSO,THE AIR-GAS MIXTURE AT THE PORT S WILL BE ASSUMED TO BE AT 4000F IN THE SPACE HEATER. INPUT RATING OF AREA FROM THESE ASSUMPTIONS, 16 100 BTU PER IS OBTAINED AS SHOWN HOUR PER SQUARE IN APPENDIX c. ** A BURNER PORT INCH OF PORT THIS IS WITH *"PORTS SHALL BE LOCATED ON THE UPPER HALF OF BURNERS AND DRILLED AT ANGLES AT LEAST 300 FROM THE HORIZONTAL." APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GAS SPACE HEATERS; AMER. GAS ASS'N.; JAN. I, 1943; PAGE I. ** SIMILAR VALUES FOR BU RN ERS IN TABLE 6,PAGE 17 OF PRIMARY AIR INJECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC GAS BURNERS, RESEARCH BU L LETIN N0.2 6 , AMER. GAS AS S 'N. WERE FOUND TO BE TOO HIGH BY APPROXIMATELY 20.5% . VALUES DISAGREE WITH MATHEMATICAL DERIVATIONS OF REFERENCE. z (X) r1l ;o r1l ;o ;o C C: CD G') .,., SCALE - FINISH - MATERIAL TOP AND BODY GRAY CAST IRON - GRID - PLAIN CARBON STEEL NONE BODY GRID---- '~ TOP----- A -,r - A ----- - II - - ----- 7 - - - --~ ----- ---- 1' ·- - - - 1/10 AND NOTED -- - - . ; f.5 - I . _ + II' ,,..., \ .· ' \\ "" - 4,5• / , · SECTION A - A SCALE - FULL SIZE ' 5YM t o-F' . ': -._:-::..::---- - - B ,10 = cbc- M I X I NG - -· -- j , UBE +_J_ - "' /!+ '" -/'· 1/ i "' ~ y '>_ ✓•7 "' ./ - "" I , x>~ "'' -_'./ _~', ~ .07 i--- 2, b•5-___.; , • I D I A. 1 '--\J_ ' , :' : --:-,'.s;' ,..._. I ~ ~~-~- • 1-1--._,, ($,, 3 1I -'~' - 1.2T 3.1• ~,. • ~ _____,, 312, [I I,, -<k-°-'-"_L _ _ I ,, - SECTION a - a' , SCALE - FULL Slz'K. (O - . ----i -- "'1.3 _ - L,_ ( ___ \ 12 7 _fs -ic:E~===~~-====~c::::=i~~ n,• " T ! ~ - --- __!i.- 90 L -~ 24 ----------- ~ - 5Yt'\ - - - - + + + - - -- -- - -- -H+--+---- ¼ -20 CAP SCREW (4) · .... z G) (/) ITl 0 r J> z .,., I\) -+" 43 THE RATIO OF AVERAGE MIXING TUBE AREA OR AREA AT THROAT+ AREA AT OUTLET AND THE TOTAL PORT AREA EQUAL TO 1.00 AS HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED AS BEING GRID TYPE BURNERS. TOTAL PORT SQUARE DESIRABLE FOR AREA REQUIRED INCHES. r~ 988 IS .20 INCHES, IS .07 OR 3.42 OF • 10 17 2 PORTS ARE SEEN TO 86 ARE ON EACH SIDE OF THE THE PORTS 2 WITH AN ASSUMED GRID THICKNESS AND PORT LENGTH OF QUIRED; ~+8:~~•lN GRID. INCHES OR 357b OF THE PORT WIDTH. CHES. THE AVERAGE DIAMETER OF THE MIX ING TUBE \,~ ~ THE CALCULATIONS FOR THE BURNER WORKED OUT IN APPENDIX c, TUBE ARE ACCORDING TO ( 34 ) M I XE RS . AREA MIXING TUBE LENGTH, A RATIO OF IS TAKEN EQUAL 1.00 (37) . OF THE CHANNEL TV~~; 31 (.120 (38) TO GAS A NO. COMPLE TELY OF THE MIXI NG VENTURI TYPE INSENSITIVE 10.0 IN- 125% OF THE PORT THE ORIFIC E OUTLET TO TO THE THROAT DIAMETER ; OR A FIXED ORIFICE HAS BEEN FOR I N- IS: HAS BEEN TAKEN AS INCHES. • 40 I NCHE.S A RELATIVELY INLET OPENINGS ARE OR 4.27 SQUARE THROAT DISTANCE QUIRED. PROPORTIONS THE BE S T PRACTICE FOR THE PRIMARY AIR (36) 2. \ 0 HAVE BEEN MORE IN BURNER DESIGN (35), VARIABLE CH ES. THE : BE RE- THE PORT I S T AK E N AS A M I N I MU M OF 2 T I ME S T H E WI DT H OR .785 INCHES, THE SPACE BETWEEN DE P TH -V12.e THE EMPLOYE D I 130 BTU PER CUBIC FOOT NATURAL INCHES) D.M.S. DIAMtTER WOULD ACCOMODATE VARIOUS GASES, BE RE- THIS ORIFICE SIZE MAY EASILY BE VARIED. THERE ARE SIX FACT ORS WH ICH MUST BE CONSIDERED SIGN OF T HE BURNER FOR QUIET OPERATION (39): IN THE DE- 44 0 FLAME NO I SE 0 FLASH-BACK OR LIGHTING BACK CONCUSSION Q oRIFICE Q AIR O NOISE O F IGNITION 0 NOISE OF THE NOISE INSPIRATI ON AND MIX ING NO ISE EXTINCTION FIR S T FIVE ARE KEPT AT LO W LEVELS S INCE CONFIGUR ATION. S TA NDARD OPERATE AT A MATH EMA TICAL LEVEL. APPROACH T O THE ( 40). HAS BEE N DEVELOPED I N APPE ND I X c, T HE CALCULATED VALUE T HE BURNER BEI NG DE S IGNED IS WH ICH DATA I S PRESEI\I T ED. HE NCE, THE T I ON. NOISE PRESENT DESIGN IT WILL BE ASSUMED A SATIS F AC TO RY 0 F EXT I NC T I ON RESORT T O LAB ORA T ORY BURNER PRACTICE HAS BEEN GENER ALLY FOLL OWE D I N T HE BURNER PROPOR TI ONS , THAT T HE BURNER WILL BY PROPER LOW SOUND PROBLE M OF NO I SE HOWEVER, AS SHOW N OF T HE FUNCTION F OR FOR LARGER T HAN THE IT WO ULD BE RANGE FOR NECE SSAR Y T 0 TE ST T O DET ER~ I NE T HE NO I SE OF OF THE GRI D TYPE BURN ER UPON WH IC H THE IS BASE D I S NO T OB JECTI ONAB LE AND BE ASSUMED T HA T THE NO I S E OF THE LAT TER COULD EXT IN C- IT WILL BE SATISFAC- T OR ILY CONTROLLED. HE AT EXCHANGER DES IGN T HE HEAT EXCHANGER SERVES SEVERAL S HIELDS T HE 0 IT 0 IT CONVEYS THE PRODUCTS OF COMB USTION TO HOOD, TU RBULEN CE I NDUCI NG BURNER FUNC TI ONS : AND DIRECT S SECONDARY AIR FLOW. BY BAF F LI NG T O I NC R EASE EXCHANGE. 0 IT CONDUCTS AND RADIATES THE DRAFT HEAT. HEAT 45 BECAUSE OF THE MANY VARIABLES INVOLVED, CHANGERS THE SIMPLEST TERMS AND DE- IS VELOPMENT USUALLY REDUCED TO IS DONE LARGELY BY LABORATORY TEST. EMPLOYED MAX IIVlUM HEAT SQUARE EXCHANGE VALUE THE OF HEAT EX- A COMMONLY PER HOUR PER AMERICAN GAS REQUIRES THAT THE FLUE GAS LOSSES MUST NOT EX- 301b OF THE HEAT INPUT AND TO ALLOW A DES I GN MARG IN, 80% HEAT EXCHA NGE WILL BE ASSUMED. PER HOUR) BTU PER OR 2000 SQUARE 22 THE WIDTH 44 000 OR 44 000 IN2 MUST IS 22 BTU INCH OF HEAT EXCHANGER SURFACE. ASSOC I AT ION CEED DESIGN IS TAKEN AS 25 BE 2000 2x25 IN 0 R 40 INCHES OF INCHES; CONCEPTS IS SHOWN IN ( 55 000 BTU THUS, SURFACE ARE REQUIRED. THE HEIGHT ABOVE THE BURNER I NCH ES AS BOTH S I DES OF THE HEAT I HEAT • 80 HOUR WILL BE EXCHANGED. EXCHANGER WILL BE EMPLOYED. OF THE REQUIRED HENCE A MORE ELABORATE CALCULATION EXCHANGE AREA, APPENDIX D, BASED ON PARALLEL FLOW VERIFYING THE ABOVE CALCU- LATIONS. THE HEAT EXCHANGER IS 25 ING IS SHOWN INCHES BY 4 AND BURNER PORTS. THE BOTTOM OPEN- IT EXTENDS 4 THE LEVEL OF TO TAPER IN THICKNESS FROM BOTTOM TO 3 THIS THE INCHES IN FIGURE 9. INCHES BELOW T HE HEAT EXCHANGER IS SEEN INCHES AT THE TOP. IS DONE TO COMPENSATE FOR THE DECREASE IN SPECIFIC VOLUME OF THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS AS THEY ARE COOLED AND THE INCREASE IT IS HEATED. IN SPECIFIC VOLUME OF THE CIRCULATING AIR AS BAFFLING, ING TURBULENCE HAS BEEN MENT OF BAFFLES WOULD IT WILL TO I NCREASE INDICATED, HEAT EXCHANGE BY INDUC- ALTHOUGH THE FINAL PLACE- BE SUBJECT TO TEST. BE NOTICED THAT THE VENT HAS BEEN PLACED AT THE 46 SECTION A F INAL DESIG N A COLLAR S CA LE - j -SEAM WELD AROUND I vh r, r -i ! i i i I I I I I 44 31.c.5 ll .A · I I I. I I A l II 11 II I ! MA TERIAL F IN I SH ·• ·: ?0 L'oS o LOW CA R SON - ' FREE DRAWING - SP RAYED AND BAKED ttH. t/. E L GAGE SHEET STEEL HEAT .EXCHANGER FIGURE 9 47 VERTICAL EDGE OF THE LOW THE DRAFT EXCHANGER. HOOD AND VENT TO FREE OF THE C I RCULATING HAVE TO WITHOUT BE SO COOL BE COM PLETE BE ADEQUATE. BEEN DONE TO AL- THE BAFFLING WOULD PROV I DE GOOD FLOW TOT HE VENT IN THE OPPOSITE CORNER BECAUSE OF THE LOW PERCENTAGE OF TO HAS INSTALLED COMPLETELY AIR DUCTING. ARRA NGED TO SPOTS THIS COMBUSTION, OF THE SECONDARY AIR EXCHANGER. NECESSARY THE LOWER OPEN AREA WOULD AGAIN TEST WOULD BE EMPLOYED TO PROBABLY DEVELOP THE FINAL DIMENSION S . THE HEAT EXCHANGER IS FORMED IN TWO HALVES FROM NO. 20 (.03 6 INCH) U.S. STA NDARD GAGE S HEET STEEL OF PLAIN CARBON, FREE DRAWING TYPE. THE SURFACE S ARE CURVED AND HAS BEEN INCO RP OR.6,, TE D , AND NO ISE FROM EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. BAFFLE S WOULD THE TWO SHOWN , TO BE WELDED TO ONE HALf HALVE S WOULD 4 FLA NG ES . THE IN AS S HOWN. PLACE, AS INCH 11 P REVENT 0ILCANNING" TO BY THEIR BEAD! NG ASSEMBLE, FLANGES, AND BE SEAM WEL DED ALONG THE CONT ACTING DIA METER FLUE COLL AR WOULD BE WELDED DR AFT HOO D DE S IGN THE DRAFT 11 HOOD IS DEFINED A DEVICE P LACED P I PE FROM WH ICH AND MADE AN AP PL I AN CE, I S DESIGNED PRODUCTS IN, AS: TO DRAFT, OR A BACK DRAFT THE FLUE 0 R I N THE AP PL I AN CE (I) OF CO MB US T I ON A PART OF, INSURE THE READY I N THE EVE NT OF NO ITSELF ESCAPE OF DRAFT, BACK HOOD; (2) PREVENT FROM E NTERING THE A PP LIANCE; AND (3) STOPPAGE BEYOND THE DRAFT NEUTRALIZE THE EFFECT OF STACK ACTION OF THE CHIMNEY 48 FLUE UPON THE OPERATION THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRAFT TORY PROCEDURE, BUT THE RALLY EMPLOYED: 0 THE UPDRAFT RESTRICTED OF GASES IS 0 P EN I NG S SERVE OF OF PREVENTED I N THE THE THE IS FOLLOWING BY BOTTOM THE THE TEST PRODUCTS DIRECT AND OF DRAFT LABORAIS GENE- IS AS DOWNDRAFT OF HOOD. l~JTO THE REL I EV I NG DURING UN- PASSAGE DEFLECTED THE PU R POSE FLUE A CONFIGURATION SIDES FU RT HER CHIMNEY LARGELY BAFFLING OR (41) APPLIANCE." COMBUSTION POSSIBLE, OPENINGS EFFECT HO ODS PASSAGE AS OF NORMAL THE OPERA- TION. THE PROPOSED TANGULAR IT IS IN OPEN COLLAR PLAN AT FITS. PLACEMENT Tl ALLY TOP DRAFT OF W 1TH I S SHOWN FLOW BOTTOM, WITH THE OFF S ET OF THE OBSTRUCT HOOD T HE FOR DURING A IR THE 4 IN A AS FLANGE FLANGE IT IS SHOWN IN SECTION. TO I S THE DIA.METER WHICH TO INSTAlLATION, PASSAGE. INCH 10; FIGURE DEFLECTORS THE THE PROVIDES HOOD THE FLUE PREVENT MIS- SO AS TAPERED VENT REC- PIPE TO PAR- COLLAR AT THE WHICH I S EM- PLOYED. THE DRAFT PLAIN WITH CARBON DRAWN FOLDED AND HOOD THE AND IS OF STEEL. FLA NG ED SPOT ENDS NO. 20 IT IS COLLARS WELDED, ARE THE SIMILARLY (. 036 INCH) ESSENTIALLY AT TOP AND BAFFLES U.S. A BRAKE BOTTOM. ARE STANDARD SPOT FORMED THE BOX WELDED IN GAGE . BOX I S PLACE, ATTACHED. DU CTING AND SH IELD ING THE TO PURPOSE THE OF OUTLET THE DUCTING REGISTERS AND IS TO TO CONVEY CONTROL THE CIRCULATION THE DIRECT AIR RADIATION 49 r1z.1s 1 _J__! 1 1 - - --+-------ll - i _ 6.5 I I 1. ··- - ·- i .. I i ! II ·r i I I 1. 4 X l._ FOR OP EN I NGS THIS EN D X INDICATES SPOTWELD S CA LE - / J. [__.~iI_Y D I I L__ • (., MAT E RIAL F I N I SH - C. A 1:-) 5 ~ ( T '(_ P I c ·" L ) ,1/ 20 u . s . GA GE SHE:::. T :', TEEL LOW CARGON - FREE DRAWI NG E N A M E L = :: P R .D. Y r. D ,\ N D • fi A I< E D - QUARTER SIZE DRAFT HOOD FIGUR E I0 50 THE FROM THE HEAT EXCHANGER. SECONDARY SHIELDS HELP TO KEEP THE SURROUNDING WALL TEMPERATURES WITHIN SATiSFACTORY LIMITS AND ALSO INCREA SE DIRECT SHOWN I I, THE DUCTING GENERALLY SURROUNDS THE IN FIGURE HEAT EXCHANGER; BOTTOM, IS 27 INC HES WIDE AND OF CONSTANT SECTION EXCHANGER. IS IT A FLANGED CUTOUT OF INDICATED; THIS WILL TURE OF THE HEATER IS BY 6.5 INCHES AT THE FOR THE HEIGHT 21 EMPLOYED, OF THE HEAT INCHES BY 31.5 IS TOPPED BY A REGISTER HEAD, ONE TYPE WILL THIRD IN FIGURE END OUTLET OF 6 OF THREE-OUTLETS. TAL FLOW IS THE DUCTING I N WH I C H I S I NCL UDE D A THE RISER OF WHICH TWO TYPES WILL BE 6 HAVE TWO OUTLETS, INCHES BY 12; THE SECOND WILL INCHES BY 8.INCHES, ASSISTED BY GENEROUS TURNING 14 HAVE ADDED A MAKING A TOTAL THE TRANSITION FROM VERTICAL TO HORIZON- RADII. MAY BE MADE OF SHEET STEEL OR ALUMINUM SHEET 22 (.030 OF APPROXIMATELY NO. INCH) THE TRANSITION SECTION WOULD BE DIE THE HEAT EXCHANGER, U.S. STANDARD GAGE. FORMED. THE BOX AROUND THE TRANSITION SECTION AND THE RADIA- TION SHIELDS ~OULD BE A SPOTWELDED ASSEMBLY. AND THE REGISTER HEAD SCREWS, A 6.5 A SMOOTH TRANSITION TO SLIGHTLY FLANGED OPENING FOR THE FLUE COLLAR. INCHES AS SHOWN INCHES TO ALLOW FREE RADIATION FROM I 4 I NCH R IS E R I S P RO V I DE D , EMPLOYED. AS BE MADE WHERE THE RADIANT PANEL FEA- THE HEAT EXCHANGER SURFACE. I NC H BY CIRCULATION AIR FLOW. THE DUCT RISER WOULD BE ASSEMBLED WITH SHEET METAL AND WOULD FIT THE FLANGE OF THE TRANSITION SECTION, AS SHOWN. THE CUTOUT WOULD BE COVE RED IN THE REGISTER HEAD FOR THE END DUCT WI T H A PL ATE WHEN NOT I N USE ; T O I NS TALL 51 19 2- rt(U?l(Aq I i 36 31.5 r .I _ll.O i _L_ ~-~__,..----J-----1--+--I-------'--r _ r ..... -- i- -.. -~----~·--- 7. ~- -- ---2, 1 ·· · . ·- --- 1-_----- 11 1i , I ro,S~~- .b 1• 2.7 I WHEN CR JLlL E CUTOUT IS NOT MADE, TH I :3 !, I DC ~ ----~ - - - SH IELD AbDEO / :< M~TtRIAL - } ~2 u.s. OR ;: F"INISH GAGE SHEET ST ALtiMINUM (.040 G ASE • I til O I C A i E '. ; S P O T WE. L D EL SCALE - i/!C S I ZE - DUCTING AND SHIELDING FIGURE I l 52 THE END DUCT IT WOULD SIMP ~ Y BE REMOVED AND THE DUCT HELD IN PLACE BY SCREWS THRO UGH A HINGED, ITS FLANGES. ADJUSTABLE FLOW DAMPER HAS BEEN THE RISER HEAD, AS SHOWN. INJECTION MOLDED POLYSTYRENE KNOBS ARE OF IVORY RESIN SELECTED BECAU S E OF HIGH TEMPERATURES. IN A SLOT ITS THE HELICALLY COILED SPRING WI RE AT T AC H ED TO TH E 3 / I 5 I NC H D I AME T E R ST EEL RIDES IN CONTROL KNOBS FOR PO S ITIONING THE DAMPER ARE PROVIDED ON BOTH GRILLS; STABILITY AT INCORPORATED IN THE DAMPER AND CAUSES C ON TR O L ROD IT TO MOVE AS THE KNOBS ARE TURNED. OUTLET REG I ST ERS THE CHIEF PURPOSE OF THE OUTLET REGISTER THE WARM AIR IN A DIFFUSION STREAM PATTERN. THE SHAPE OF THE THE VA~Y FROM ABOUT 450 TO 120° IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE PLISHED BY EMPLOYING VERTICAL DEFLECT THE AIR AS HIGH BY (42). VANES AN AVERAGE FRE E AREA OF 75% RESULTS INCHES. THIS IS BEST ACCOM- IN THE REGI S TER WHICH IT EMERGES FROM THE DU CT. 15 INCHES WIDE SIDE REGISTER 84 S QUARE DEPENDING UPON ROOM AND THE LOCATION OF THE REGISTER, DESIRED ANGLE OF DIFFUSION WILL AS VIEWED IS TO DISTRIBUTE IS SHOWN THE 7.5 INCHES IN FIGURE 13; IN A TOTAL OUTLET OF THE VANES MAY BE ADJ~STED BY TWISTING WITH A SPECIAL KEY TO A PREDETERMINED POSITION TO VARY THE DIFFUSION OF THE AIR STREAM. THE END OUTLET REGISTER IS 9.5 INCHES HIGH BY 7 THE DESIRED FLOW FROM INCHES WI DE. GENERALLY, IT WILL BE ASYM- METRIC; TO CONTROL FLOW DIRECTION, THE PRESET REGISTER CAN BE MOU NT ED WI T H T HE OUTER VAN E ED GES T O R I GHT OR LE FT • I 53 Sr 3;75 (TYP) I -·F·L . _ S L. I P J lc . 11 • r AP · - 4 G ,\ GE - . RE '0 • S TEC L ,· r •, ,-, II ,, I \.. - r.: 't , ,... rJ ,. I 3 /1 6 DI A S; EEL ROD 1/ 16 ~JA S TE EL R OD WOUND 4 T UHN S . - - - - - - --- - ·-------- -- - --- - -- -----' r"~~· I .• (ROD . BE AR IN GS i N ·RE• r• l -~~T ER ·oL, ~I L· ~'·· T' ,~::, ,7 l REGi"STE P. C U T OU T - • . 4 [xll ~r L~I I 5 "","': - -♦ •+--:·-~-- . I I------'-<--~ ~ J __._ .. FW D - BOTH ENDS A . : , r:t. AN GE - B ALL ARCUND - -r 5 'i ; SYt'\ -·----··-- -(It'--.- - - 8 I 5.7_5 7 T-: -----------✓ ___j_ \~ . _· ./ 1-: • I ' · 6"\ O~STA 1) - 10.75--- - ·-- • _ , ... I l L___ X MAT E RIAL - / /~' :2~ u. s . GA GE SHEET S T EEL OR .o~o GAGE ALUMI NUM INDICA1ES . SCALE - s ;.: c Tv: E L D QUAR T E ~ S I T E 54 THIS IS SHOWN IN FIGURE 13. THE FLUSH MOUNTED REGISTERS HAVE SYNTHETIC RUBBER GASKETS, AS ILLUSTRATED, WHICH SEAL TIGHTLY AGAINST THE WALL SUR- FACE AND PREVENT AIR LEAKAGE AND WALL TER OF THE REGISTERS THE FLOOR; IS APPROXIMATELY 6 FEET 4 THE STREAM WILL PANTS. ALL (.018 INCH) STREAKING. THE CEN- INCHES FROM BE OVER THE HEAD OF MOST OCCU- REGISTERS WOULD BE DRAWN AND FORMED FROM No.26 U.S. STANDARD GAGE PLAIN CARBON SHEET STEEL. RETURN AIR REGI STER AN D GRILL THE COLD AIR RETURN REGISTER, WHICH ALSO ALLOWS COMBUSTION AIR TO FLOW TO THE BURNER, STALLED HAS VERTICAL VANES AND IS IN- IN A MANNER SIMILAR TO THE HOT AIR REGISTERS. VANES ARE ORJENTED TO ACCOMODATE CONVERGING AIRFLOW. OPENING IS 9 INCHES HIGH BY 20 INCHES WIDE. THE THE FABRICATION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE OUTLET ~EGISTERS. WHEN THE RADIANT PANEL FEATURE IS TO BE EMPLOYED, THE COLD AIR.RETURN AND PANEL GUARD WILL BE A SINGLE ASSEMBLY. PANEL OPENING IS ABOUT 21 CAL GUARD BARS ABOUT INCHES BY 26 INCHES AND 11 THE VERTI- I .6 INCHES ON CENTERS RUN THE FULL LENGTH OF THE OPENING. THIS STRUCTION OTHER REGISTERS. IS SIMILAR TO IS SHOWN IN FIGURE 14; CON- FRAME DESIGN AS HAS BEEN STATED, THE FRAME OF THE WALL SECTION IS TO BE A STRUCTURAL PART IT OCCUPIES. AS SUCH, IT MUST MEET THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS: 0 IT MUST HAVE STRENGTH EQUIVALENT TO THE MEMBERS IT REPLACES. I ·A 9.1 ;i I ! I i i i i i ( ! . .I ! -~-L ✓.. i 4_5 ° ; ·---··· 7 -,--j -------- 5,4---- ·-7 r -- . 6 - (c O ~$TA. NT) r J - .lh.T,\SSSS~~-~..Y,S \. OJ I I :> \I td,l E ·s 1 I I! 1-::APPR~.38 C c;-l REG ! ~TER - END CUTLET NOTE- FOR DE T AI LS S EE V I EW A8b VE SCA~ E ,' ';?_(, 11 . :~ . M A TER IAL - FIN I SH - F N~ME L - S TEE L Rf, c( EO GAGE ~ UARTER SHE E T PLA I N CARRON SFRAYE O ANO OUTLET REG I '.>TERS FI GU!-<E 1.3 S I ZE :-- - . - - - - 2.2. 5" -·- - --- :r ,- .F ! Nl.\L DE~ l GN D :: T A I i. S NOT E- I : I • / 56 .~ S AM E ! 1' S''f~, 1 EX CEPT \0.~ 3E:'_OW ;\-S N OT ED 1 it+1_· _ _ _~--•I . .---1· - 1· I: ' - -___,__ _ ___,___ AS _ _ _ ,1____ h ------------------------ 2.3 -- ~ REGISTER - RETURN AIR SECTI ON~ - ~ (B ELOW) iI . . I .., 1.5 39.5 CHANNEL B SECTION 8 8 X INOlCAT ES SPO TWELD MATER IAL - ] 26 UoS- GAGE SHEET STEEL FREE DRAWING - "PLAIN CARBON F I NI S H - E~AME~ - SPR AY ED. AND BAl<ED SCALE - i/'.0 S I Z~ ·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , RETURN AIR REGISTER AND GRILLE FIGU RE 14 5 7, 0 IT MUST HAVE MEMBERS IN POSITIONS EQUIVALENT TO THOSE 0 IT REPLACES TO ALLOW ATTACHING THE SURROUNDING WALL STRUCTURE. Q 1T MUST BE EASILY INSTALLED AND ADAPTED TO VARIOUS FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION. THE FRAME IS BEING DEVELOPED PRIMARILY FOR 2 STUD WALL CONSTRUCTION, WITH STUDS ON INCH 16 INCH CENTERS. THE MAIN STRUCTURAL COLUMNS WILL BE PLACED ON 32 TO OCCUPY TWO STUD SPACES. INCH BY 4 INCH CENTERS, TWO FRAMES WILL BE DESIGNED, ONE FOR USE WHEN ONLY THE SIDE OUTLETS ARE INSTALLED AND ONE FOR THE END AND SIDE OUTLETS. A BASIC STRUCTURAL MEMBER HAS BEEN DEVELOPED COMPOSED OF A WOOD SCANTLING OF RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION TO WHICH A FORMED STEEL ANGLE IS SHOWN IS BONDED. THIS IN FIGURE '15. METAL WOOD BOND I I I r------- 1.5 ------ t FIGURE THE WOOD i5- BASIC STRUCTURAL MEMBER IS SELECT STRUCTURAL GRADE DOUGLAS FIR, AND MILLED TO SIZE. KILN DRIED AN EXCELLENT BONDING MATERIAL IS CASCO FLEXIBL~ CEMENT* WHICH HAS GOOD WATER AND HEAT RESISTANCE, IS ECONOMICAL AND CAN EASILY BE APPLIED. SCREWS WI LL BE USED AS AN ADDED FASTENING AND THE EDGES OF THE ANGLE WILL BE CRIMPED AROUND THE WOOD AS SHOWN. *CASEIN COMPANY OF AMERICA, N• y• THE FORMED STEEL 350 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK ~7, 58 ANGLE CAN BE VARIED QUIREMENTS; NO. IN GAGE ACCORDING TO THE STRENGTH RE- 24 (.024 INCH) U.S. MINIMUM THAT WILL BE EMPLOYED. CARRYING CAPACITIES OF 2 STANDARD GAGE AN ANALYSIS OF THE LOAD INCH BY 4 INCH STUDDING AND THAT REQUIRED OF THE BASIC STRUCTURAL MEMBER THE FRAMES ARE SHOWN ONE HAS AN OVERALL OTHERWISE, IN FIGURE DEPTH OF IS THE 16; IS IT WILL IN APPENDIX E. BE NOTICED THAT 9 INCHES AND THE OTHER 14 INCHES. THEY ARE THE SAME. THE STEEL AND WOOD COLUMNS ARE SO PLACED THAT Tr£ ANGLE PROTECTS THE WOOD FROM HEAT. ADJUSTABLE COLUMN MEMBERS ARE BE DISCUSSED UNDER INDICATED; INSTALLATION, FRAMES FOR OUTLETS ARE FOLLOWI NG. INCORPORATED. SUPPORTING RIGIDITY OF "x" TYPE BRACING THE FRAMES IN PANEL. ADJUSTABLE FLANGED MEMBERS ARE SHOWN AT THE TOP OF 7 FOOT-10 I NCH CORNER COLUMN; THE BOLTED FASTENINGS EACH INCREASED BY THE USE OF THESE WILL IN THE FRONT AND MATCHING SERRATIONS ALLOW ADJUSTMENT FOR VARIOUS HEIGHTS FROM 7 FEET-10 I NCHES TO 8 FEET-2 INCHES. THE FRAMES ARE FABRICATED FROM PLAIN CARBON STEEL SHEET, MOST MEMBERS BEING SIMPLY BRAKE FORMED. DIE FORMED AT- TACHING CLIPS ARE SPOT WELDED TO ALL MEMBERS WHICH ARE TO BE BONDED TO WOOD, BEFORE BONDING. THE WOOD AND STEEL MEM- BERS ARE THEN SPOTWELDED TO THE CONNECTING MEMBERS AND THE ENTIRE r ~AME NESS IS NO. IS THUS ASSEMBLED . 22 U.S. THE MINIMUM STEEL THICK- STANDARD GAGE. PA NEL DE S IGN A SYSTEM OF VARIABLE STEEL P ANEL S HAS BEEN DEVISED TO AL- I oubT . L j ~-5 0 p E~ I NG I - - -----1--~ 14.5 ! . ' • 1/j/ : . I F OH / . . I I K I L - (a) i • SEE· F. 1 GURE • ½ / 7t75 i. 94- •. I ' -19,5 j __;__ _ _ __, .!. 'I ~ ., I I I ! GR l !LLE OPE:N fNG I 39 I · i •! . SY!M . ! • - - -- - - '.-- 21. 5-- ·-~-- FRAME FIGURE 16 60 14- .__ N OH: - I l ,i, i Y. , ~- ! IJ ~ /'lcl ..... ' ' AN • . !N""\ -L - THI S F R /'. t.1 :: ~: ;:- G I M £ r~ ,. ! J '; ; I 1 - - - -- - - ~ -.... - ··-+- - - - - - - - OUTLET MEMBER A J JUS TA □ LE 7 1\ _ ' ~-; :":. . 'T C : : I N G 1. -· ,-, ...,__,..-"'-'" • ·10 -·. r ~• ~ L 1 :::Jj ,( - ,v ;.- 1c1\ L CLI PS -~1 - --- I\LLJ . :11 · I~ ~ / : I~ ---.il f!'· .- VER TICAL !/E t,: B!:: R '--. F l GU:7E 17 ~- ' • --- -.-- ---------- l --t'· ~t_j - _OTE- • . . '.-.., S E R ::: /1 T I ON S 17 ,l c..v A, ,, t , ( 4) •• __ < .· ••:---.-.__ DET A I L H- FI CJ l E / 61 LOW THE HEATER TO BE TION WITH FACILITY. INSTALLED IN MANY TYPES OF CONSTRUC- A TYPICAL PANEL INSTALLATION IN FIGURE 18. EMPLOYED, CORNER PANELS AND SIDE PANELS. IT WILL VIDED FOR OUTLETS BE OBSERVED THAT TWO MAIN l"r'PES ARE FRAME, AND A WIDE INCH FRAME. WHERE WALLS A NARROW ( 4½ 0 NE FOR (9½ INCH) PANEL FOR THE 14 INTERNAL SHIELDS ARE PROVIDED AT POINTS ARE ATTACHED, AS SHOWN. THE ADJUSTABLE SCREWFITTING WHICH ALLOWS THE PANEL I NCH) THE LATTER CONTAINS AN OPENING FOR THE SIDE FULL LENGTH OUTLET. OPENINGS ARE PRO- IN PROPER RELATIONSHIP TO THE HEATER CORE. TWO CORN ER PANELS ARE EMPLOYED; THE 9 INCH IS SHOWN IN VARIOUS WAYS IS SHOWN INSTALLATION OF IN DETAIL IN FIGURE 19. UPPER AND LOWER MOLDINGS ARE ADJUSTABLE TO ALLOW PROPER ORIENTATION CEILING OF THE PANELS AND TO COMPENSATE FOR VARIOUS HEIGHTS. ARE FORMED OF NO. ALL RAW EDGES ARE CONCEALED. THE PANELS 26 U.S. STANDARD GAGE PLAIN CARBON STEEL SHEET. CONTROLS BURNER CONTROLS ARE AVAILABLE IN MANY VARIATIONS AND ARE USUALLY PURCHASED BY THE HEATER FABRICATOR FROM ORGANIZATIONS WHICH SPECIALIZE I N THEIR MANUFACTURE. MENDED THAT AUTOMATIC THERMOSTAT CONTROLS HEATER OF THE TYPE BEING DEVELOPED. MOST CONVENIENT OPERATION; PROVIDED. IS RECOM- BE USED WITH A THIS RESULTS IN THE MANUAL CONTROLS MAY EASILY BE THE THERMOSTAT SHOULD BE REMOTELY MOUNTED THE LARGEST ROOM BEING HEATED PLACE. IT IN A READILY ACCESSIBLE IN 62 i .. 1 '1,\ i - · ·· ----~-- - -~ · /\.,"\.. '{ \~ - ~- - 1 '. ~~ Heir LAL ·.i,·,: SCR ws- • IO - - ! Ar r· Rc x o i, I Tc.. I ! '; ' LD A l'R T·~ ·b.15 :i.is - :- · • 3.75 . + I,' .f · I L L P A N E L'- MA TE R IA L >r 1 ': t SH - C . :.tt=..;,_+ 1 ~-"--= cJ, 1 FOR DET A I_L_ ~ S EE _ Fl ~U RE~ .5-- L C E N T E R P AN C: L # 26 UoSe S TA N O AR 0 r~r,,:: ~~T - s: ~ ~~~~ E; L :: :,l;; CAGE ! SE E DET /'. l\. F l ClJ f·~ f. \ ~i P~ NELS- TY P ICAL l J ;~~:~~~~: ~ -- --r.:-_1_G_J._1c_1r_::_ 1_·:_;_ ______ 63 Fi NM. Df: S i Cf\L .EJ E C :r t C tJ T ~) ~: t -'.~ REGI S TER HE AD OUTLE T E L /:. ~? 1· i C .... - . ·- - -· --- •• ·--·· -• ••• • - -· . ➔ q U,'l.RTER • S !ZE -( :n - - - - ~ ------r DUCT - ADJUSTABLE OUTLET MATERIAL - COTTON FA BR { S • IMPRE GNATED WITH HEAT RE• -· SltTlNG SY NTHETIC RUG~ER ! ,; I,. !r . c;. STE .EL Gt, G [ T f1R E A 0 • NF X I "~,:_ "I . F~ I DE TA !L A - FIGURE !8 "'· LOWER F RAME MEMBER--~ DET1>.IL E' FI CU RE __ ! S ( r~FVO LVED) ~, C AL E - F LI L L S I ZE PANEL DETAILS F ! GU!-~[ 19 AN D i, O1 E D 64 A SEPARATE ASSEMBLY WOULD BE FABRICATED COMPRISING THE BURNER, CONTROL LATOR, PILOT VALVES, ASSEMBLY, AND SHIELDING. A PRESSURE REGU- AND MAIN BURNER VALVE OF½ INCH STANDARD PIPE SIZE WOULD BE FA BRICATED AND SUPPLIED WITH THE HEATER. AN EXCELLENT SYSTEM WHICH ACTUATED BY THE PILOT IGNITION, .(2) BURNER TRICAL ENERGY TO PROVIDING IS A PILOT FLAME FOR MAIN THERMAL GENERATION OF SUFFICIENT ELEC- DIRECTLY OPERATE AN ENTIRE REMOTE CONTROL (3) SYSTEM FOR THE APPLIANCE, SHUT-OFF OF ( I) IS AVAILABLE* CONTROL SYSTEM POSITIVE, AUTOMATIC SAFETY IF PILOT FLAME FAILS. THE PILOT GENERATOR SUPPLES CURRENT NECESSARY TO OPERATE A MAGNETIC DIAP HRAGM GAS VALVE WHICH CONTROLS THE PLY TO THE BURNER. GAS SUP- A REMOTELY MOUNTED ROOM THERMOSTAT HAS AN ADJUSTABLE TEMPERATU R E RANGE FROM 50 TO 90°F AND A NIGHTCUTOFF SWITCH; ..LOF 2 • IT IS SAID TO HAVE A SENSITIVITY TO IN CASE THE PILOT FLAME FAILS, THE GENERATION OF CURRENT CEASES, AND THE GAS VALVE IS AUTOMATICALLY AND PERMANENTLY CLOSED. THE BURNER ASSEMBLY WOULD SIDES, ATTACHING ANGLES, INCLUDE SHIELDING ON BOTTOM AND AND MOUNTING BRACKETS FOR THE COM- BUSTION CHAMBER AND SHIELDING. ASSEMBLY AN ASSEMBLY DRAWING ASSEMBLY IS SHOWN IN FIGURE 20; IS DESCRIBED UNDER INSTALLATION. *B-60 GAS ACTUATED PACKAGE SET; DALE, CALIF. THE METHOD OF GENERAL CONTROLS CO., GLEN- 65 ; I OUTLE, ~ _j, _ _ _ END OUTLET Ir-· I ~ ~ DRAFT HOOD I II ' HE ,\ T. EX CHi\!\GER • • / /GEILLE _// I ,·I I I I I • i i . ; ...._-!· -· L ~-_ __ ..- L_ -y--- ~ __ul ' I,, F_ R AME 66 INSTALLATION THE SEVERAL WALL ARRANGEMENTS INSTALLED ARE SHOWN IN WHICH THE HEATER CAN IN FIGURE 21; BE ALL OTHER PRACTICAL IN- STALLATIONS ARE VARIATIONS OF TH03;: ,lLLUSTRATED. IT WILL BE NOTICED THAT GENERALLY ONE SIDE AND ONE END ARE FINISHED TO HARMONIZE WITH WALL CONSTRUCTION; THE REMAINING SIDES ONE SIDE OF THE ARE ENCLOSED WITH THE STEEL PANELS. ~UST ALWAYS BE ENCLOSED WITH THE STEEL HEATER PANELS TO PROVIDE ACCESSIBILITY TO THE CORE. METHOD OF TION INSTALLATION IS AS FOLLOWS: FRAMING IS ERECTED. IN 2 INCH BY 4 HEATER FRAME IS LOWER CHANNELS INCH FRAME CONSTRUCINSTALLED WHEN HOUSE OF FRAME WILL BE RESTED ON SUBFLOORING AND BRACKETS PROVIDED NAILED TO PLATES. ADJUSTABLE FITTINGS ON THE NAILED TO HEA DE RS FRONT UPPER CORNERS WILL BE AND BOLTS THROUGH FITTINGS TIGHTENED. LATHING OR SHEATHING MAY BE NAILED TO THE WOOD MEMBERS OF THE FRAME; THE VERTICAL COLUMNS, UPPER AND LOWER CHANNELS, AND THE OUTLET FRAMES MAY BE EMPLOYED. AS SHOWN, THE AD- JUSTABLE COLUMN MEMBERS ARE USED TO ATTACH THE NECESSARY WALL SHEATHING AT EITHER THE SIDE OR THE END OF THE FINISH MAY THEN BE APPLIED TO THE WALLS. ARE INDICATED WHERE WALLS ATTACH; FRAME. INTERNAL SHIELDS THEY KEEP THE TEMPERA- TURES WITHIN LIMITS AND PREVENT DRAFT HOOD SPILLAGE FROM ENTERING THE WALLS. STANDARD½ LED THROUGH THE SUBFLOOR AND INCH GAS PIPING SHOULD BE PROVISIONS FOR THE VENT SHOULD BE MADE. WHEN INSTALLING THE CORE, THE SHIELDED BURNER AND CONTROL 67 FLEX l 8L C DUCT ' i ' SHALLOW (9") FR AM~ • SIDE OUT L ET ·r·1--=:- ~ I . : t-'-- ,--!GURE 21 68 ASSEMBLY WILL FIRST BE PLACED AT SPECIFIED DISTANCE ABOVE THE SUBFLOOR BY CLIPS ATTACHED TO THE FRAME. THE HEAT EX- CHANGER WILL BE FASTENED TO THE BURNER ASSEMBLY PROVIDED. IF AN END OUTLET IS TO BE EMPLOYED, SIBLE HEAT EXCHANGER WILL BE SO PLACED THAT THE BE AT THE OPPOSITE END FROM THE OUTLET. AT BRACKETS THE REVERVENT WILL THE LOWER DUCT AND TRANSITION SECTION SHOULD BE PLACED ON BRACKETS WITH DUE REGARD FOR RADIANT OUTLET, REGISTER HEAD AND IF EMPLOYED. SIDE OUTLET, AND TRIMMED FLUSH WITH WALL IF ANY, SURFACES. THE UPPER DUCT AND ARE INSTALLED NEXT THE VENT MAY BE IN- WHEN THE LARGE FRAME IS STALLED WITH DRAFT HOOD IN PLACE. USED, IS SCREWED TO THE SI DE REG I STER AN ADJUSTABLE DUCT OUTLET AND TR I MMED FLUSH WITH WALL AFTER FINISHING. PANELS MAY BE ATTACHED TO ADJUSTABLE CLIPS; NEXT, THEY ARE DESIGNED TO FIT FLUSH AGAINST THE WALL SURFACES AND THE DISTANCE FROM THE FRAME IS VARIABLE. IN OUTLET DUCTS REG I STER S MA "I BE THE CL I PS BY SCREWS, THE RUBBER GASKETS SEALING A- GAINST THE WALL SURFACES. ED; FASTENED TO HEATER MAY BE CONNECTED AND TEST- GRILLE VANES SHOULD BE ADJUSTED FOR DIFFUSION PAT- TERN. IT IS PROBABLE THAT A TOTAL OF THREE OUTLETS COULD BE EM- PLOYED IN VARIOUS COMBINATIONS. PANEL IS USED, THE LOSS HENCE, WHEN THE RADIANT ONLY TWO OUTLET REGISTERS MAY BE IN CIRCULATING AIR FLOW WHEN USING PANEL CAUSES THIS RESTRICTION. THE INSTALLED. RADIANT 69 APPE ARANCE THE HEATER APPEARANCE HAS BEEN CAREFULLY DEVELOPED TO MONIZE WITH CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE. RECTILINEAR SOFT, THUS, THE LINES ARE IN NATURE AND AN ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE TO AVOID ROUNDED SURFACES OF THE SO-CALLED STREAMLINE TYPE. ONLY THE GRILLES, THROUGH WHICH AIR STREAMLINING AND THIS HAS BEEN MENT OF THE FLOWS SHOULD EXHIBIT EXTENDED ONLY TO THE TREAT- VANES. THE VERTICAL VANES IN THE GRIL~~S WERE DICTATED BY FUNCTION; THEY HAVE BEEN PROPORTIONED TO PREVENT SEE I NG ER. HAR- THE GRILLE AND COLD AIR RETURN REGISTER HAVE BEEN UNI- FIED BY THE TREATMENT OF THE VERTICALS. SURFACES FROM FLOOR TO TOP INTO THE HEAT- REDUCE THE SLIGHTLY TAPERED APPARENT SPACE OCCU- PIED BY THE GRILLE. THE EXTERNAL FINISH OF THE GRILLE A!3SEMBLY AND THE PANELS WOULD BE BAKED ENAMEL OF WARM, OR TAN. COULD LIGHT COLORS SUCH AS THE REGISTERS, WHEN MOUNTED BE PA I NT ED TO MATCH; TORY APPLIED. THE HEAT IN A FINISHED IVORY WALL, PR I ME C OAT I NG S ONLY WOULD B E FA C- EXCHANGER SURFACE WOULD BE FINISHED WI TH A HE AT R E S I ST I NG P ORC E L A I N E NAME L OF T HE S I NGL E COAT TYPE. TERI AL. A LIGHT BLUE GRAY COLOR CAN BE OBTAINED IN THIS MA- 70 CONCLUSION A GAS FIRED SPACE HEATER HAS BEEN DEVELOPED WITH THE FOLLOWING FEATURES NOT OFFERED IN THOSE NOW ON THE MARKET: 0 THE FRAME IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE HOUSE AND SPECIAL FRAMING HAS BEEN ELIMINATED. 0 A MODUL~R PANEL SYSTEM ELIMINATES CUTTING AND FITTING OF SPECIAL PANELS 0 VARIABLE OUTLET COMBINATIONS PROVIDE OUTSTANDING FLEXIBILITY OF INSTALLATION. 71 REFERENCES APP ROVAL REQU I REMENTS FOR GAS SPACE HEA T- ANONYMous; ERS; Z Alv1ER I CAN STAND.i.\ RD ASSOC I ATI ON ; 2 1.11-1942; APPE N DIX, 2 ~; PART 3 ..!...§J_Q ; A P PENDIX, 4 ANONYMous; II, SECTION PAGE PAGE 1L7, 5, NOV. 1942; 45. PAGE 24. 42. DIRECTORY OF A?PRO VED GAS APPL I ANCES AN D LISTED ACCE SSOR I ES ; AMER I CAN G 1-\S ASSOC I ;U I ON TE ST I NG L ABOR/H OR IE S ; lsT 5 WI L LIAMS, PAUL AND AN ONYM ou s; ING 5, 7; co.; 119-140 1948 I SS UE; FEB. ALSO 2.0 -21. PA G ES I 94 5. I NC • ; FOR 1947; HOME BOOK 1947. 'FORU M YARDST I CK HOUSES"; THE ARCH IT EC T URA L 1947; JUNE, AN o NY Mou S ; I, PAGES CALIFO RN IA BOOK OF HGM ES ANONYMOUS; FORUM; 8 194 8; A I A ; THE SMAL L HOME OF T OMO RROW; R, GEE , PUBLI SH ERS; 7 I, SUPPLEMEN T TO J AN . MURR A Y 5 JAN. PAG ES 102 -I Q4 . PREFAB R I C.AT E D HOMES ; JAN., 194 5 , AUG.- S EPT., PA G ES 1945 , PAGE I L L u M l' N A T I o N 5, 7, 8 ,9; 17; MAY, PUB L I s H - (1945, PAGE S 1947, JAN , -FEB,, PAGE ·I 3. 9 ANONYMous; CONSTRUCT I ON; BUREAU OF LAB OR STATI STI CS, UNITED ST ATES DEP /~ RTMEN T OF L ABOR ; 10, TABLE ANONYMOUS; ARCH ITE CT URA L FORUM; II ANO NYMo us ; GAMA PAGE DEC., :1947; PAGE 10. ST ATI STIC AL HIGHLIGHTS; GAS APP LI- ANCE MAf~ UF AC T URE RS ASSO C I ~,T I ON , 2. 1948; 8. 10 PAGE FEB., I ~JC; FEB. 2, I 948; 72 •12 MARTIN, EDWARD LIGHT S ; GAS 16, MAR. 13 14 16 APP LI ANC E 1948; R.H.; AGE; 23, JA N. STINER, "THE 1947; KALMAN; COMPANY, S T A TI S TIC A L MAf\JUF AC TURER S GAS JOHN; FUELS, GRAW-HI LL BOOK COMPANY, HE A TIN G AND HIGH- t \ S SOC I A T I ON, I NC.; 2, NO. 1946"; IN 2 1. PAGE BU~~ERS; T H E GAS MCGRAW-HILL 1946. INC.; F. 99, AN D FUEL FU E L S BENEDICT INDUSTRY VOL. GRISWOLD, RABER, ST A TI S TIC A L 2. PAGE HARGROVE, BOOK 18 R; · GAMA AND C OO LI NG AND COMBUST ION I NC.; MC- I 946. HUTCHINSON, /\ N A LY S I S ; FURNACES; w.; FRANCIS JOHN WILEY AND PAN EL soNs, INC; 1947. 17 ANDREW, AND L.W.; DRYING "TESTING AND CAB. INETS 11 G;\S "LUMINOUS PANEL DESIGN OF FLUED GAS FIRES NOV. 17,1945, JOURNAL (LON- JOURNAL(LONDON); 246:642. 18 ANONYMOUS; D o N) 19 FORSHAW, NAL 20 8, No V • 2I WEAST, H• ; BLOME, SPACE YEARS MAY 11 9-16, AND THINGS YE AR S MAY 28, MORSE, " RESEARCH HEATERS " ; FIRE PROGRESS"; 1945, 245:601 TO :631 COME"; G AS PROGRESS GA S JOUR- . GA S J OURNAL "CURRENT J OURN/:1. L; PROBLEMS AGE ; 8Y EV O LU T I ON 11 ; GAS 1947, 250:442-3. J.A.; .AMER I CAN GAS C.E.; GAS 1946, 247:61-2. TH I RT Y (LONDON); R.C. OF "SHAPING 9, JAN. RESEARCH"; 23 40 MITCHELL,J.M.A.; J O URNAL 22 11 (LONDON); HARTL E Y , G AS I 944, 244: 61 7. A.; (LONDON); HEATER"; MAR. MAR. IN 21, CENTRAL HEATING 1946, '164:21-4. VENTI N G GAS 1946; 97:31. FIRED 73 24 JAMES, R I CHARD E. AND LAMPERT , ALBERT J.; UNIT ED ST AT ES PA TE NT APP 1- I C.6. T I ON , SE R I AL 7 4 2 2 44 ; F I L ED APR I L , ASSIGNED To: RHEE M MAN UF AC T URI NG COM PANY, I 94 7 ; RI CHMOND , CO NT RA COST A C OU NT Y , CAL I FOR N I A. 25 RABER , BE NEDICT F . AND HUTCHINSO N, HEATING AND COOLIN G ANA LY S I S ; FRANCIS w. ; PAN EL JOHN WILEY AND SONS, I Nc.; 1947, PAGE 3. 26 27 ANONYMous ; "TERMINOLOGY"; COND ITI ON I NG GUIDE; 1947; PA GE 2. MACKEY, 11 c.o., M.E. ; PREF ABR IC ATED HOMES; 28 HEAT I NG, VE~JTIL ATI NG /-1,N D AIR AN ON YMous; ENGINEERED THER MAL ENVIR ONMENT " LIBRARY REPRINT NO. I, ANO NYMOUS; HEATl ~JG, "FUNDA MENTALS"; ANONYMous; 1947. I 94 2; VE~JT IL ATI NG AND A IR • APP ROV AL RE QU I RE MENT S FOR GAS S PACE HEATERS ; APPEND I X, ANONYMous; 194 2 , z 21.11 - 1947. /-1.MER I CAN ST AN DAR DS ASSOC I ATI ON ; 31 NOV. 6 , 1942 ; Also; ADDENDA ; JAN. CO NDITI ONI NG GUIDE; 30 PAGES 1- 3 . APPROVAL REQU I REMENT S F OR GAS SPACE HEATER S ; AMER IC AN ST AN DARD S ASSOC I ATI ON: 29 8; NOV. 6 , 194 2, z 21.11 - PAGE 40 • RESEARCH I N FUN DAMENT AL S OF AT MOSP HERIC GAS BUR NE R DES IGN; AMER IC AN GAS ASS OCI ATION; RESEA RCH BUL- LE TI N No 10; MA RCH 1940. 32 ANONY Mous; PR I MAR Y A I R I NJECTI ON CH ARACT ER I STI CS OF AT- MOSP HERIC GAS BUR NE RS ; AMER I CA N GAS ASSOC I ATI ON RES EARC H BUL LETI N No. 33 ANONYMous; 26; MAY 1944. FUNDAMENT ALS OF DES I GN OF ATMOSP HE R I C GAS BURNER POR TS ; AMER I CAN GAS ASS OC I ATI ON ; RE SEAR CH BULL E TI N No . 13; AUG., 1942 . 74 34 ANONYMous; RESEARCH IN FUNDAMENTALS OF ATMOSPHERIC GAS BURNER DESIGN; AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION; RESEARCH BULLETIN No. 35 10; PAGE 115, FIGURE 42. ANONYMous; PRIMARY AIR INJECTION CH ARACT ER ISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC GAS BURNERS; AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION; RESEARCH BULLETIN No. 26; PAGE 26, PART V, E. 36 ..!.JU.Q,; PAGE 22, PAR T V, F. 37 ..!JU.Q_; PAGE 17, 38 ANONYMous; RESEARCH IN FUNDAMENTA LS OF ATMOSP HERIC PART V, B. GAS BURNER DE S IGN; AMERICAN GAS ASSO CIATI ON; RESEARCH BULLETlf~ No. 10; PAGES 150-151, TABLES 13, 14. 39 ..!..§..!.Q_; PAGE 119, CHAPTER V. 40 .!JU..Q; PAGE 133, CHAPTER V,3. 41 ANONYMous; APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GAS SPACE HEATERS; AMERICAN STAN DARDS AS SOCIATION; z 211.11-1942; Nov. 6, 1942; 42 APPENDIX, PAGE41. ANONYMous; AIR CONDITIONING REGISTERS AND RETURN GRILLES; MINNEAPOLIS HONEYWELL RE GUL ATOR co.; AIA FILE No. 30 F 2; PAGE 10. 43 ANONYMOUS; Gt\S AGE; JANUARY 8, 1948; I 01: 29-31. 44 ANONYMous; APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GAS SPACE HEATERS ; AMER ICAN STANDARDS ASSO CI ATION ; z 211.11-1942; Nov . 6, 1942; APPENDIX, PAGE 41. TAB LE I M!\NUFAC..TUl2.C2 VENTED WALL CIRCULATOR SPACE HEATERS APPROVED BY THE AMERICAN GAS.ASS OCIATION 5 APPENDIX 75 AODl(;ESS i L ____ t AND REW~ H t. A TE. R. _ CO. I ' IOWP ' I co 3D IO·IOWP \0 - cO zo-co 10 ✓ lO v )() ✓ w .,, 30 40 l 5 A M e: A 5 ABO\/E. (, O O D ✓ ~ "e,onor,, MIJS'f SE ) ~•• FR.OM H.00'-: __ EY--Tc.~J9"- VVA~L. I ~STAt..L-ATION ONL'( BVll-T IK a>~t> Sc<..TlO"4 02. U..0$E.T FA Ht. ·- rAHL A APPENDIX 76 B HEATING LOAD FOR SMALL RESIDENCE REFERENCE - HEATING, VENTILATING 1 , AND AIR CONDITIONING GUIDE, 1947 3c.'- o~ ARfA 2 C EILINE> HEIGHT • 3 w A. L L I\ 12..E. ~ . g 4 c5 'Yo WALL A.RE.A· D oo:Rs A.._.D Wlt..lDOW5 f i . 1000 = 5 UHIRE. .& SOUTH PA(.jflC.. .. OUT SIDE VEl.OCliY "" ( R. I:. F. L OS S . 15 .!!'il· hr. c. 4-4 , 2. 4 S) PA 6 E 5 e.. AT E ~ _t\ t~ ( R. E F. - P A c, E 3 ? 9 ) A Ht ,. COA5T rE:MPER.ATU12.E.5 7 WIND ft. I o a o ft~ 8 /;:,..l?.£.A HEA'Tt.D D E.Sl0N ~2. '- o" _T.Q_I.J~J:_Ji E.A T tt .2 I A ( G ., Uw ., Uc .,. uf )(td - to) fL00t AR.El\ 6 = GLASS At-JO l~flLT~TIO'N FACTOR. WHER.E Uw: f R.A~St'\l'bSION C.OUfKIE.NT I WALL uC. : 1 CE.lUt.16 , FLOOR DE~IC,1-{ TE.MPtRATUR.E., IIJSID£. , OUTSl(:)E. CONSTR.UC..TIOjJ DOOR.$ AND \Nl\.lDOW$ - 5\U0Lt. "THIC.K.MESS WITH WtPffH(:.R.STR.lPP1!14tl G ,: . 40 c.. WALLS i::>. 1-.10 c. in . . ,_ C\,-11"). STUDS W 1TH I in. WOOD SHl:ATHlt--lo, -BUILD\\¥, PAPER. s ruc.c,o 1"1TERIOR- 3 FLOOR. - g_oof - Uw l in. 11-.1suLATINE:1 BOA';Ll), LA.TH AND Pi..A':ITE~ (Rc.f.-PA.0E "".\9 OOUBL~ WOOD FLOOR. ON JOISTS - HARDWOOD 4 E. x T E'.RI OR.; Flf-l15H FLAT, IN~ U LIH 1...ic; fLOO~\NEl Wl,H e,o/:\R.D - LA.TH A)..10 e.,u IL i Uf = I\ND tzro) ~ in. .~4 P L A~TER. Pll\lE (R.EF. sue,FLOOR. A\-.\D PA.GE.. \t" 132...) C.E.\LlN6; WO O D - ½_ 'i n + UP ROOF ltJG = 1½_ in - V =. 19 ( ~ff. f)A.<,E \'~5) APPENDIX 77 GRI D GAS REFERENCE - P RIMARY ~ IR BURNER-EV ALU ATION INJECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF ~ TMOS- PHERIC GAS BURNERS - DE.$CR.IBED THE. BU R)-.JER 0\---1 W\Ll B f. usf: D TO OBTAIN A PE.R.F012_t'\A~C...E WILL BC SUITABL'i PA CJ C S F OR. !"'\OUIf·i E.O '2.5 - c..6 SHOWN IN F \ G'JR..E 7 AND K. , C.O t-.l~T-~N T , AP\?L\ C. ATIO~ THE. TO ATt-'IO ~) PH ER. \C. SP f\CE \NJtCTI O N BUR.Wnt , PCR..C...E~T P~IM/'.1-RY AIR., P1:1_: VA:-;R-----A~-___--____- ,.vvPd_ \r1:· r, d. ..=i - V 1 1 K. = EllRt-llR P(RF0\2M~~c.e. ( ONSTMff X ., /\m" t\\l[R!\GE /W.Efl. l"\l;i._lN6 TUBE 1 ir{ '- . PAGCS 3 3 - 36) k p GAS PR.f..'S SUR.f_' in. d GI\::: Dc.l-l51T'( - (AIR.= 1.0) l-1 = GAS HEATIN G VALUC .. • T1 • Tz. = F OR 6 1K.i D Gf\ '::> BIJ l?_N ER.. , Wr\c.N Arr, , TH c N R.. =- " (.] A. ,-,... TC ~:.:, T 4lli. \/ FOR- K k. :0 H i Ap -=. • 5 ir/· c. 0 0 00 \~- l 01---.l S CON O IT T E S T S K IW E.. T, " AND ? TOiAl PORT AR.EA, 1n-:BU'i<Ht.n IN p u·r , t;:i_\ _t,J_ Ap= (R.EFl:.R.c.1--! C. E ·- W\-HC.H Df:.\I C LOP(Vlt:.N T U NDl:..R_ K.. _ #2 6, AMERICAN GAS BULLETIN 1944 ASSOCIATION, MAY H C ~ T\:. \~.. C P(:i - r _J_ "' P = 7 10 1<... • AB~O~ U TE 6/:.,::, nr. Hz_O eC\U\\/ . ~t~ TCM PLRAT URE,N~ 1-1\\.X. TU P. t. , ttl1X.tN6 TUe,E: ABSOLUTE. Tf..MPER.A1UR.E., AIR GA 5 M \ X TU Re. , BE.l~ ~\ls".NL'R.. \>";\<TS S \-1 o W N f:i:_;<' F BO"(., ; + <\-{:)C)" = 54-0 "' R ; AT d = .-o' "...,: , AD H " 11:i.~_ ,;- Tt~ i:itu N APPEND IX 78 GAS BURNER DIMENSIONS REFERENCE - SAME AS PRECEEDING PAGE A SSUM E K' 8 o '1" K = • R : A? R. r. _K' 2- ,✓-P-;i _ .,. Tl ~ P,/' H lb 10 0 Btu nrTn: ~ Ap Ap MIXIN G = TU~E ~~-1~~~ ~~-:~: ,nc. A\/E.R/.\C1f_ DIAMEiER, dm :: M\X.lN6 ,UBE. _l:_12. _i~t-~__ 1 9!AL PORT A.REP. -- TH RO AT ( Ap" A-rn) 2.. IO ir, Al-.!D OUTLET I F o R. dt dm :. do ANQ da do+ dt _____ 2. z '2.d...., - dt. = d-t + c. L t<)r) 3° dt + .10 L AND L do "I L do H Et-.lC..E , MIX-·--\N(J TUBE SECTION ·--- ---·-· ··- --- ··- -· --· • - - --------- - - c. di:. '° c. d,.) - . Io L d0 d ""' " 2. . I O in. , Ar-1D ., ( 2. . \ 0 - . 5 ) io = \ . <o O • l.loO + (.10)(10) '· \...~IO in; ir1 C APPENDIX 79 C GAS BURNER DIMENSIONS (coNTINUED) FOR. GRID PORT SIZ.E. : P.., :-, <::i VMc. ; TOTAL 6 R.ID PORT = ( $EE fl6URE 8) TH \CK.NESS ~ t ,=· . IO ; L£.N6TH, 3, 42 IO i. BURNER. LEN6TH -=- ~4 '1n. tp 34-. '2. in _ • ( 17. \ inch<2~1 per s\de of bunwr) . 10 10' A ':>SUME. BUR.Nt.R Dt:PT\-\ NU M BE.~ OF. PORT:> POR.T5, . \0 in, )( .?.Oil'l,, $PAC.ES . .07 iri r. ,\Oio OF PORT PER " '2. J. WIDTH '5\CE., l"lp, IS OR. .40 in. 80 APPENDIX C NOISE OF EXTINCTION OF BURNER RE~ERENCE - R~SEARCH IN FUNOAMENTALS OF ATMOSPHERIC GAS BURNER DESIGN; RESEARCH BULLETIN #10; AMERICAN 1940 GAS ASSOCIATION; MARCH, CA.LCULATION OF THE. TO BE D2 A ( L FOR, NOl~E Of E.XTINCTION . HA~ BEE.\-.t EKPE.RIME.NTALL'< DE.TER- OF E.XTl~C.T\ON NO.ISE t'\INE.D EXPR.E.55\0N FOLLOWING: (R.E.f. ~6E 140) A FU\-.ICTIOtJ OF _THE.. a )2( T ).11 L .0069 560 D .. fWf.PA6c. Dlt\t'IE.TER OF MIXE.R TUe;E.> io. A = TOTAL. PORT ~R.EA, ·1n~ L •· lEtJ6Hf Of 'MIXEe. TU'1E, in. cl .. AR.EA OF 11..lDlVIDU~L POR.T, 11)2. T: AB:l0LUTE. n.MPt:RAl"URE 0 M\)(.E.R._ TU~e.. FOR THE. BURNER. Bt\\.-16 Of K. DE:Sl6~: D'° c.\oin A.S HP...S BE.EN ALSO, FOR. ~EC. TAl--!ElULAR. .G l\/to FOR a WHO~E 0IA\"\E.Te.R., THE T\-1\C.\<.NE ~~ THE. de, OF THE:R.E.FO~E. : PORT , f:I.R..c.A 1$ THE a = ••7 8 5 ( .t70 )2. = HEN C.E , PRE\/IOUSL'(. SHOW'I-J R.E.Ft.l<.t..N.<..E., PAC::JE.S 136 - 1~7, ·~ THE. E.Q_UIVALE.NT ROUND P0\<..T OF' .fo, A;PROJC..lMATEt,,Y, PO~T. R..EC.T~\I.IC,ULAR. • 78 5 0) (·\JO 2 . 016 •\Ii c. " 17 (T 2 ' - D1.A ( -a-) - --- ),l?L =- (2.10\i(3,42.,.0lf>)'(s6o) ~-:-!. ~.U.::___ -- -L .0089 WHER.e t . l!:> to 560 .oosc, = 560 (5 lb)(3 2.3) ( '2. 07) • • • = 34.6 THE R.-EFEe..ENC..E TIOti PLOTTED . TO . O. ~ . R.A.IJ.6E THE B'Y POo~IBLe. ()A.Tl\ Gl\JE.S PceM\S~l,BLc. A6A.IN5T VALUE.$ VA.LUE. C.OM?U1 E.0 MAt-.l'< \\l'f\E.~. OF THE: \$ Sf:.e.l--\ HE.t-\(15., l'-1O PR.\MAR...'1' AIR. lNJeC.- ABOVE. iO fl:Otv\ 0.0 C:l<.C.EED THI~ C.OMPAR.l';.>.ON. \~ APPENDIX 81 D. CALCULATED HEAT. EXCHANGER AREA REFERENCE - FAIRES, VIRGIL M., APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS; THE 1938 MACMILLAN COMPANY, A CALCULATION OF THE HEAT EXCHANGE BY CONVECTION OF THE EFECTIVE AREA OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER AS DESIGNED A IS SHOWN BELOW. CONCEPT OF PARALLEL FLOW EXCHANGE HAS BEEN EMPLOYED. THE HEAT E.'/<.C..\-IANGE IS 'o'{ : ( R.c.n:.RfN.C.e, PAGE 3~2.) TOTAL C,IVEN Q, T\?At-lWERltD HEA1, Bhtu r. U: COEfFICIHiT OF TRAN5- WHERE t'\ITT/,t,.lC.E 1 Btu · hr-,fla· oF A, AR.EA , {t 2. 6..tm = l061!>.~ITHl"\IC. 1-'\C::A.I"\ TC:tv'\ PE.R/:\TU'2.t Olf'fERDKE,°F 4D FOR. {)~';i.f:\,LLEL THIN MtTAL •Y-1,A...L.L 'E.~C,t·-\f\NC1t=.1?-, J\ \JD FR.EE: ~t l I i : - •• ------·- 2 S I---•-- - - - - - -- - - - - -- '-1 -- ------ -_, ta,. 9 0°F l .. a 1200" S __ - -- -- - - - --- - ASSUMED EFFECTIVE AREA AND TEMPERATURES - MKAT EXCHANGER " rn Of GAS. lt-l CONVE.C.TION: • U = FLOW 3 _f)_!:_':_l __ ______ (RtF PAGE~~) hr, ft 2, 0 f • tc - 6 t, ·- - 6 ln(~t,/6.t2. 1 tb 6 t 1 =- tt:\ 6t,_:: t'o-tQ - AND ( R.EF. PAGE 3h2.). TEMPE:.RJ,,TUR.t: S ':)K..E.TC.tl AS 'SHOWN IN A'::>SUMcP LA~D'2.ATOR."'< WHERE ON Bf:\':>\~ OF l)ATA SUPPLIED TO AV THOR.. "' (1c.oo - s, o lri l : ___(_q::_~__~:,_sq ). _~F I_I_IQ c', 17 1'2..5 Q = = 9 85 °F (3) c.(1oooir?:'+t-..)(<t50 cF ) \ 4-4 i :0 2 = I B 700 Bt~ - - --hr. SINCE CONSERVATIVE VALUES HAVE BEEN ASSUMED, AND RADIATION HAS NOT BEEN TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT, THE ACTUAL EHCHANGE WOULD BE CONSIDERABLY HIGHER THAN ABOVE. LABORATORY TESTS TO DETERMIN~ A SUITABLE VALUE OF U WOULD BE NECESSARY. APPENDIX 82 E STRUCTURAL FRAME LO ADING REFERENCE - UNIFORM BUILDING CODE; 1946 EDITION; P ACIFIC COAST BUILDING OFFICIALS CONFERENCE COMPRESSION LOADING: INCH X 4 VERTICAL FRAME MEMBER REPLACES 2 STUD. ALLOWABLE COMPRESSION STRESS, I S I 46 6 POUNDS PER SQUARE I NCH, 6 POUNDS PER SQUARE IS I o6XI0 INCH X 8 FOOT WOOD SELECT DOUGLAS FIR,c, AND MODULUS OF· EL AST l C I TV , E , INCH. (REFERENCE - FOR MOMENT OF I oo b \ 0 -·-r-J ·1 ~ -- 0 =- lo o- l -; d 00 4 \r) A " (I. 6 '2. R.ATIO., I I'- I. 2. 8 AtEI\ l INERTIA, (3.<oc..2l_l.<o~J',n 4 :: I c_ 1.62 __j - 3 .b 2. bd =- 3 TABLE 25A) X3. ~ c.) L ENGTt·j _ WI DH-1 L EASi 8 .(.t,. I 2.:i~ "I.(,?_ ir, ,t. 1n>. =- 5.89 ', rf , L d 59 CROSS SECTION OF 2 INCH X 4 INCH STANDARD WOOD STUD - 8 FEET LONG t=o Q. C O\...U:-1\i'~ , I<- _ =- ~ ~ , H[~ (.E. 2.1 £ ::. A p .2.74 E - --- -· (R.tfER.E~~C.c - l.. \12. SAft:: T -Y ( d ; -::. , c.. 74 ( 5 3) 2. ~1'12.. I~ F IGURE 104- fA C.TOR OF '-~-<?~~: :L9.~_I b ( 5. A9) if1 '- THE COLUMN AS SHOWN ABOVE LOAD o PA 0[ 15, = - ~). 4 0 t' ) O·.: n ,:1 "~ 7 --- - - --- - - -- -- - ·- • -·· MUST BE DESIGNE9 TO TAKE THE THE MOST SATISFACTOBV RESULT S WOULD FROM A SERIES OF LA BORA TORY TESTS, .THE METAL ANGLE MEMBERo CONr/-\lr'-! $ IN~OLVING LATERAL LOAD BE OBTAINED VARIOU S GA GES OF RESISTANCE WOULD ALSO HAVE TO BE DEVELOPED THROUGH TE S T OF THE COMPLET E FR AM E o