The Development and Design of the "Visual Street Indicator": an Improved Means for Conveying Route Information to Passengers on Public Transportation Citation Wolf, Leo (1949) The Development and Design of the "Visual Street Indicator": an Improved Means for Conveying Route Information to Passengers on Public Transportation. Engineer's thesis, California Institute of Technology. doi:10.7907/ha35-j554. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:08202025-172149360 Abstract In recent years the growth of cities and the correlated expansion of transportation facilities has posed many transit problems. A study of the situation indicated that one of the difficulties was the need for an improved method for conveying route information to passengers. The familiarity necessary for the establishment of the basic requirements of this problem was obtained through interviews, questionnaires and observation of bus operation. The exigency was one of reducing the operator's responsibilities and work load, when at the same time passengers were requiring additional services. This thesis relates to the development of a unit which will enable the operator to present visually the name of the next stop his vehicle will make. The "Visual Street Indicator" will be attached to the ceiling at the front of the vehicle. It contains a semi- automatically controlled motor driven roll on which is printed the names of the vehicle's stops. The design is a result of compromised consideration for practical features and economic manufacture and the solution offers a convenient method for answering many of the passenger's questions and is acceptable as an aid by the vehicle operators. Item Type: Thesis (Engineer's thesis) Subject Keywords: (Industrial Design) Degree Grantor: California Institute of Technology Division: Engineering and Applied Science Major Option: Engineering Thesis Availability: Public (worldwide access) Research Advisor(s): Unknown, Unknown Thesis Committee: Unknown, Unknown Defense Date: 1 January 1949 Record Number: CaltechTHESIS:08202025-172149360 Persistent URL: https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:08202025-172149360 DOI: 10.7907/ha35-j554 Default Usage Policy: No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided. ID Code: 17639 Collection: CaltechTHESIS Deposited By: Benjamin Perez Deposited On: 21 Aug 2025 22:24 Last Modified: 21 Aug 2025 22:35 Thesis Files PDF - Final Version See Usage Policy. 27MB Repository Staff Only: item control page

THE DEVELOPMENT ANO oe:stGN OF THE "VI SUAL STREET IN O t OA TOR" ...... AN IMPROV£D MEANS VOR CONVEYINQ ROUTE fNVORMATfON TO PASSENGERS ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATIO~ Tt1ESf S BY LtO WOL,. JN PARftAL FULrl~LMENT or TH£ REQUIREMENT VORA PROVtSSIONAL OEQREE OF INDUSTRIAL DESIQNER CALIFORNIA INSTfTUTE Or TEOHNOLOQV PASADENA, CALt,.ORNIA 1949 ABSTRACT IN RECENT VEARS TH£ QROWTH o, CITIES AND THE CORRELATED EXPANSION o, TRANSPORTATION ,AOILITIES HAS POS£0 MANY TRANSIT PROBLEMS. A STUDV o, THE SITUATION tNOtCATED THAT ONE o, THE 01,,,cuLTIES WAS THE NEED ,oR AN IMPROVED METHOD ,oR OONVEYINQ ROUTE tN,ORMATION TO PASSENQERS. TH£ rAMILIARITY NECESSARY ,oR THE ESTABLISHMENT 0,. THI BASIC REQU~ REM ENT S OF THt S PROBLEM WAS 08TAI NED THROUGH INTERVIEWS, QUESTIONNAIRES ANO OBSERVATION o, e.us OPER- ATION. EXIGENCY WAS ONE 0~ REDUCINQ THE OPERATOR'S TH£ RESPONSt8tt,.ITIES ANO WORK L.OAD, WHEN AT nu: SAM[ TIME PASSENGERS WERE REQUtRfNQ AOOtTIONAL SERVt0ES. THIS THESIS RELATES TO THE OEVELOPMENT Of' A UNIT WHICH WILL ENAB~E THE OPERATOR TO PRESENT VISUAL~Y THE NAME o, THE NEXT STOP HIS VEHICLE WILL MAKI. THE "VISUAL STREET INDICATOR" WILL BE ATTACHED TO THI CEILINQ AT THE ,RONT OF THE VEHtOLE. IT CONTAINS A SEMI- AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED MOTOR ORtV,N ROLL ON WHICH IS PRINTED THE NAMES o, THE VEHtOLE 1 S STOPS. THE OESIGN IS A RESULT o, OOMPROMtSED CONSIDERATION roR PRACTICAL rEATURES AND ECONOMIC MANU,AOTUR£ AND TH£ ~OLUTtON or,ERS A CONVCNIENT METHOD ,oR ANSWERING MANY o, ffft PASSENQER'S QUESTIONS AND IS ACCEPTABLE AS AN AID BY THt VEHICLE OPERATORS. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS THE AUT HOR Wt SHE S TO THA NK THE F'AC ULTY OF' TH E CALIF ORN IA INST ITUTE OF' TEC HN OLOGY ANO ESPECIAL LY THE MEMBERS OF' HIS COMM ITTEE , DEAN FRA NK LI N THOMAS ~ CHA I RM AN MR. DAVI O F • WELCH ANO MR. SALVATORE MERENDINO, AS WELL AS THE P'ACULTY OF' THE INOUSlRIAl. DES IGN SECTION WHO HAVE SO F'AITHF' UL LY SUPERVISED TH E PREPARATION OF' THIS THESIS. OF' THAN KS GOES TO MR. INDUS TRIAL DES IGN A ~PECIAL NOTE J . ~AUL YOUTZ, HEAD OF THE SECTION, F'OR THE AIO RENDERED AT MANY CRITICAL POI NT S I N THE VARIOUS PHASES OF TH IS PROBLEM• . THE WRITER WIS HES ALSO TO EXP RE SS APPRECIATI ON TO MR. R. A. HAUE R , J R. OF THE PASADENA CITY LINES WH O GAVE VERY GENEROUSLY or HIS TI M! ANO THE TRANS I T F'AOILITIES AT HIS COMMAND. IT WAS LARGELY THROUGH THIS CHAN NEL THAT INFORMATION WAS OBTAI NED WHICH PROPERLY COMPLE TED THE PICTURE NE CE SSARY TO AN AOAQUATE DESIGN. TO DR. H~NR I ETTA JOHNSON ANO OR. L. L. HENRY , or PASADENA, THE AUTHOR IS I NDEB TED roR MUCH AS S ISTANCE I N ESTAB~ ISHI NG THE VISUAL REQU l~EMENTS SO ESSENT IAL I N THIS SOL U TIO N . THEIR AID ANO THE VERY HELPF UL RE SPONSE or THE VARIOUS VISUAL CO MPANI ES WH I CH THE Y RECOMMEND ED roR ASSI STAN CE WA S I NVALUAB LE. CKN OWLEDQEMEN T I S GIVEN TO THE MANY OTH ERS WI THOU WHOS '- HELP TH IS THE SIS COULD ' OT HAVE B Et.N COMPL t TE D, ESPECIALLY TO THE NUMEROUS TRANSIT COMPA NI ES WHO SO KINOLV RE SPONDED TO QUE ST I ON NAI RES WITH ANSWER S r AR MO RE ENL IQH TEN I NQ TH AN NECESS ARY TO S I MPL Y ru Lr fLL TH E AUTHoR • s REQUE STS. AND ME NT I ON SHO UL D BE MAO£ HERE or TH E UNOERSTANOf NG FR OM A P ATI EN T AND THO UGHTrUL FAMI LY. PAflT Tl Tlf: LC IT f or h.&.U9TRATf ON8 INTIIIGOUOTION ANO SOOPI Q~CRAI. 8AOKQROUNO 1 3 THC MIOtUM • HEARI NG OR VlltON PROOUCTfON PRA0TICCI VOt.UME ilT ♦ MATI PROMOTION ANO 0tlTRl8U1'10N THI NAMI Pftl•OCIII" RIStAflOH APP CARANO I MOTIVI PO•IR THC 0A8C THC PtltNTID 0UIIITAIN 0UltfAIN INITAI.LATION COMTIIOL AND WI Ill Ne MOTOR ANO DtllVC LIQHTfNQ ANO COi.Oii RltlRCNCI SICTION APltDUUJC C: ~ P INDIX D: VI IUAI. !XPIRIMCNTS QullTt ONNA I flt RISUI. TS CONTftO~ I 12 ,. 18 19 24 29 30 THC ,aNAI.. OlltlN APPtHDIX A: AP l'l' IN OIX 8: s 10 11 SUMMARY V 8 15 PAIIIHQERB' PROBLDIS Vt IUAI. CIU TIRI A 0,.CRAfOR' I P,t081.EM8 IV 4 9 MAflklf P9'011.CM9 111 1 CMOtCI OP' VIHIOt.l DCltlN SUMMAIIIV II PAGE cu.,,., .. Lr,, r,,, COST EST tMATC :53 33 35 40 41 42 44 48 54 64 15 18 9111.IOIRAPHY 11 DCIIQN l..AYOUT 83 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE TITLE PAGE 1A* 1 TWENTY YEAR S Or TRANSPORTATION 2 COMPARATIVE TYPE FORMS 23A 3 THE VISUAL STREET INDICATOR (MODEL) 33A 4 CASE ASSEMBLY 34A 5 INTERIOR DETAILS, SUPPORT FORMER 35A 6 "CURTAIN" MATERIAL, SAMPLE 36A 7 SELECTED TYPErACE, EXAMPLE 37A 8 CURTAIN LAYOUT 38A 9 CURTAIN ROLL INSTALLATION 39A 10 CURTAIN ROLL TWBE 40A 11 CONTROL CIRCUIT ILLUSTRATION GUIDE ROLL DETAIL 41A 12 CONT~OL SWITCH PANEL 42A 13 WIRING DIAGRAM 42A 14 FREE-WHEELING PULLEY, DETAIL POWER TRANSMISSION SCHEMATIC 43A 15 EXTERIOR COLOR SAMPLES 45A 16 EYE CHART 53 17 QUESTIONNAIRE ILLUSTRATIONS 68 18 APPARATUS - CONTROL CIRCUIT ANO CURTAIN L1rE TEST * THESE PAGES ARE PLACED IN THE TEXT OPPOSITE THE SAME NUMBER. AS IT WOULD APPEAR IN A GENERAL MOTORS BUS THE dVISUAL STREE1 INDICATOR" - MODERN BUS - 1930 VINTAGE 1950 MODEL G.M.C. 55 - FI GURE I- PASSENGER INTRODUCTIO ANO SCOPE GEN ERAL BACKGR OUN D THE RE HAVE BEEN MANY ADVANCES IN VEHICLE DESIG N TO KEEP ABREAST WITH THE CONTINUAL EXPANSION OP CITIES AN D THE ADDED REQUIREMENT POR PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION I N MANY ITIES. or THE SMALLER TO WNS AND COMMUN- HOWEVER, DURING THE SAME PERIOD THE RE HAVE BEEN RELATIVELY PEW CHANGES I N BASIC OPERATI G PROCEDURES OR IN EXTRA SERVICES RENDERED BY THE TRANSIT COMPA NIES. * THE POI NT RAI SED FOR CONSIDERATION HERE IS THE PRESENT METHOD POR PAS S I NG ROUTE INPO RMATION TO PASSENGERS. THIS IS STILL A MATTER OP CONVER- SATION BETWE EN OPERATORS OR EMPLOYEES OP THE TRANSPORTAT ION COMPANY AND THE PASSENGER. THE PROCEDURE HAS NOT CHANGED AP PRECIABLY PROM THE TIME WHEN ONE TROLLEY OPERATED ON THE MAIN STRE ET OYA CITY TO THE PRESENT WHEN CITIES COVERING HU NDREDS OF SQUARE MILES ARE BEING SERVICED ANO PAS S ENGE RS FI ND THEMSELVES MORE AND MORE ON ROUTES STRANGE TO THEM. ON THE OPPOSITE PAGE, FIGURE 1 IS AN INDICATION * R. A. HAUER, JR., MANAGER PASADEN A CITY l tNES, 0 PASADENA, CALIFORNIA INTROOUCTtON - 2 - OF THE PROGRES S MAD E IN VEH ICLE DESIGN DURtNG A RELA T I VELY SHORT PER IO D OF TI ME . fN THE TRANSIT SYSTEMS ACROS S THE COU NTR Y IT I S STt LL POSSI BLE ro S EE TH E PRIDE OF FIFTEEN YEARS AGO EITHER RETI RED.O R SA DLY I N NEED Or BEING RETI RED. HOWEVER, CO UPLED WITH T~E LONG STEPS IN IMPROVED MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION, THE RE HAVE BEEN NO RE ALLY NE W WAY S TO MAKE IT EASY roR THE PASSEN GER TO GET fNFORMATlON IMPORTANT TO HIS RELAXED RIDING co~~ORT. THE SE QUEST IONS S TILL ARIS E CO NTI NUOUSLY WHAT STOP IS THI S ?-UNT IL I GET OFF?-STOP?-- How FAR OR HO W MANY STOPS DID THE OPERATOR CA LL MV WtLL HE REMEM B ER?-- WILL I SE ABLE TO HEAR ?-AS TH IS DESCRI PT I ON PROGRES S ES IT SHO ULD BE POINTED OU T TH AT THE OPE RATOR IS NOT COMP ~ ETELV AT FAULT NOR CA N HE EA~ IL Y REM EDY THESE P ROBLEMS. As THE MEANS roR TRANSP ORT ATI ON HAS I MP ROV ED ANO SCHEDULE S BECOME rA ST ER , TH E NUM BE R Ot PAS SENGER S HANDLE D BY A S INGLE VEHICLE MOVES STEAD I LY UPWA RO ANO THE TASK or THE OPERATOR BECOMES INCREASINGLY COMPLfCATEO AND MO~E OIFtfCULT.(50 - S)* TH IS POINT TH E NUMBERS I N PARENTHESIS THROUGHOUT TH!S TH ES IS RErER TO THE P AGE NUMBER ANO ITEM IN THE REYEREN OE S ECT I ON. INTRODUOTfON - 3 - R[ QARO I NG f NF'ORMATION IS A SOUR0£ OF ,RtOTtON NHtCH CERTAI NL Y DOESN'T JUsr,,v ADDITIONAL P ERSON NEL TO THE TR NSIT CO PANICS , YET LEAVES MUOH TO BE OESIRtO ON THE PART OF THE PAS SENGER. tTH THESE rAOTS lN MIND, THE PURPOSE o, THIS TH ESt S IS TO PR(S£NT A SI MPL. E MECMAN t SM WHICH WtL~ REQUtR! A MtNIMUM or E~rORT ON THE PART OF' THE OPERATOR ANO WH f CH WI I.L CONVEY TO AL.I.. PASS[NQCRS THE NAME or TH£ NEXT STOP TO 8£ MAO£ BY THE VEHIO~E. IN CONNEOTtON WITH THIS UNIT 9 A SI MP~E STRfP MAP OR A LIST or STOPS OOULD 8[ tNOLUDEO ON TH E PRESENT TRANSrER OR ON AN 0 TH,~ THROW-AWAY SHEET. BY usa NQ THE TWO TOGETHER' THE AVtRAQE PASSENGER COULD £ASILY ANSWER MANV OF HIS OWN.ROUTINE QUtSTlONS. AS THE SITUATION EXtSTS NO,, THE RESULTS ARE OVTEN SHO~T TEMPERS, A~QUMENTS, OOMPLAJNTS OF POOR SERV10E• SLOWINQ OF SOHEOULE9 AND ACCtOENTS 8 E TO DRtVERS 8tfNQ OISTRACTEO.• CHQtOE OF V!HIOL~ IN THE SCOPE OF THIS PROB~tM THERE WERE SEVERAL BASIC CONSl0£AATIONS FOR STUDY. • P. FIRST IT WAS SEl'. App. 8 , P. 71 . COMMf;NT SUMMARY 73, @EN£RAL COMME~T IT!M A ANO B. ITEM 3,4,5. ... 4 - lNTROOUOTtO N 'EO~SSARY TO DECI O~ ~"IH t TH ER THE UN I T TO SE 0 £SIQNE O SHOULO SAT! srv TH E R E<:~UIREM £NT S f"OFl INS TALLAT I ON fN ALL TVPES o, PUB LIO CONVEYAN CES . Af"T€R A $R I EF AN ALYSIS 0~ TH E P~ OBL tM 8 AS SOC ~A• T£0 WI .TH . TH E OPE: RATt ON OF' BU SES , STRK ~T CARS, TROLLEYS, sue~AYS ANO ELEVATED TR AI NS . I T WAS OE Ol0£0 THAT ANY ADE QUATE SOLUTION TO ANY ONE OF TH ES E INSTA LLA TIONS WOUL. 0 OF'f"t R MORe: TH AN ENOUGH RE STR ICTIONS TO THE DE SIGN . THE OHO ♦ OE WAS MADE TO USE THE WELL KNOWN DfESEL OR GASOLt NE au s ro R TH[ PURPO SE OF THIS THESIS. JU STI rtOATfON f"OR TH t S OHOfCE WAS BASEO ON t NrORMATION RECCIV£0 FROM A NATtO~AL TRANS IT ASSO(H ATtON I N WH ICH THE T HtNO TOWARO REPLACEME NT OF OTHE R TYPE S OF' CONVEY ANCES BY BUSES f S CLEARLY t NOIC ATE 0 .(50-7) TH§ ~£{? fUM . - ,H EARING OR y1 S)O" , ANOTHER BAS I C PO I NT roR ST UDY WAS TH E OOMP AAATlVC ADVANTAGtS or USING HEAR JNQ OR VI SI ON roR TH[ PURPO SE Or TRANSMITTtNQ THE JNYORMATfON TO PASSENGERS . A REC EN T I MPROVEMEN T WNIOH HAS A BEARINQ 0111 THIS OH010£ IS TH E STEP TAK£:N av SOM E COMPANIES WHICH INVOLVES THE INSTALLATION OF AN INTRODUCTION AMPLl,tCATION SYSTEM FOR THE OPERATORS. THE OPERATOR USES THIS SPEAKER ARRANQ~MtNT IN HIS NORMAL ROUTINE OV "CALLJNG" STOP8 9 ANO THE AMPLIFIOATtON IS SUPPOSED TO MAKE FOR ALL. . JT POSSIBLE . PASSENGERS TO HEAR. THIS, HOWEVER, HAS NOT BEEN WIDELY ACCEPTED YOR SEVERAL REASONS . THE ACOUS- TIOAL CHARAOTERtSTICS or THE USUAL PUBLIC VEHICLE ARE NOT WELL ADAPTED ANO THE AVERAGE OPERATOR IS EMPLOYED roR HIS A81LITY TO DRIVE RATHER THAN TO SPEAK AND ENUNCIATE CL EARi,,. V. IN ADO f T H>N, THE MANY DRIVERS WHO 00 NOT CALL STOPS NORMALLY WILL MAKE NO USE or SUCH AN Ato.• AT THfS POINT THE POSSt81LtTV OCCURS FOR RECORDING THE VARIOUS STOPS ON TAPt OR WIRE AND HAVING TH£ OPE RATOR CONTROL TH£ SYSTEM WHICH WfL~ REPEAT THE NAMES AS OtSt RED. THERE: AR£, HOWEVER, SEVERAL FUNDAMENTAL. REASONS WHICH RULC OUT THIS POSSIBILITY. TH£ NO~ St L.EV~L. ANO INTER,ER£NCE CAUSED BY CONVERSATt,ON, MOTOR, TIRE ANO OUTSIDE NOISES MAKE IT NECESSARY TO RAISE THE VOLUME LEVEL. TO SUCH A POINT THAT tT ts o,TEN A SOURCE or OISCOMrORT TO THOSE NEAR THE SPEAKER. ALSO ANOTHER rACTOR WHICH MIGHT * SEE APP. e, P. 71, COMMENT SUMMARY ITEM 2 IN TRODUOT t ON 8[ o,rtRED l'Ofl C0NSIDERATIQ\I IS A COM MENT MAO£ BY DR. L. L. HtNRV DURING A DISCUSSION.* IT WAS HIS OPINION THAT THE AVERAGE PERSON WI TH THE BENErlT or CORRECTIONS USUALLY W0~N HAO BETTER VISION THAN H[ARINQ. IN ADDITION, THERE IS THE VACTOR o, LITTLE RENTENTIVE POWER IN TH£ SENS£ o, H[ARINQ UN~ESS A CONCENTRATED t,roRt ts BttNQ EXtRTED WHEN THE.SOUND ACTUALLY OCCURS, ANO tr . SUCH ts TH£ CA SE, THE RETE NTION BECOMES A MATTER OF' MEMORY•** IN TH£ OAS£ o, TH£ NAME BEINQ PRESENTED SO tT ts AVAILA8~£ F'0R REA0INQ• IT CAN BE RE,ERRE0 TO l'ROM THE TIME THE VEHICLE LEAVES A STOP UNTIL IT ARRtVES AT THE NEXT. THIS DOES NOT TAX THE MEMORY OR RE QUIRE CON STAN T ATTENTION ON THE PART o, THE PAS S ENQER SQ THAT HE WtLL BE AB~£ TO HEAR AND UNDERSTAND TH£ STOP AS tr IS CAL LEO. 0£91 QN SUMMARY TH E DtTAILE0 STU0V WHICH ,oLL0WS tN THE BODY o, THIS THESIS RtP0RTS ON TH£ 0ESIQN ANO DEVELOPMENT * 0 L. L. HENRY, M.D., OPHTHALM0L0QIST ANO £YE PHYSICIAN, PASADENA, CALt,oRNtA. ,._. ANON, . "HEARINQ", ENCYCLOPED§A BRITANNICA, VOLUME XI , {CHP.CkG,Q 1942), P. 2 7 • OF' THE "VtSUAL 7 - ,ft4TR00U01'tJ)N SyREET fNDfCATOR•.• Ttott VSf I NF'ORMAT I ON TO BUS PASSENGERS THR(?UGH THE MEOt UM OF' VtSION. 8Y THE USE OF THE VSI• THE VEHICLE ALL PASSENGERS THE OPERATOR OAN MAKE KNOWN 1'0 NAME OF TH£ N£XT STOP WtTHOUT TAKING HIS ATTtN- l'tON FROM HIS MO R£ IMPORTANT RtSPONSIBtt..lTltS. THIS WILL 8E ,\COOMPt.tSHED ev A StMPL.E PUSH•8UTTON CONTROL AN O WI LL. RELi EV£ THE OPEAATOA OF' REMtM ... BERlN Q WHtCH ST OPS SHOUI..O SE CAl,,L.EO AS REQUESTED OR OF' OAl.t.lNQ ALL STOPS WHtOH lS AL.SO tNEP'V'ECTfVE. SINO£ TH£ tN,ORMAYION WILL Bf AVAILA8LE TO PA9S£NQ£RS ANYWHERE tN TH£ VEHtOt.E, IT WILL DO AWAY WITH THI'. N£0£SSt TY OF REMAINING NEAR TN£ OPERATOR AS IS THt PRESENT REQUIR£MC~T. THE VSJ ts A SMA I..L UNIT APPROXI MATEI..V 30 INCHES . . t..ONG, NINE: fNOH£ 9 HIGH ANO EIGHT I NCHES 0££P. IT ts [NCASEO tN METAi.. ANO Wl~L ee MOUNTED NEAR THE OEtLtN& AT THE FRONT OF THE BUS. THE VSf- WII.L. PRCStNT A 11 SHA00W INCHES HtQH AND SEVENTEEN ,RAME • THE ,~ONT or 80X" GPENfNQ TWO tNOHES L.ONG. ha THIS WILL APPEAR THE NAM£ OF THE NEXT STOP TO 8£ REFERRtO ro HtR EINA,TER AS THE •vs1•. IN TROOUC T t ON IT I S NOT EXPEOTED THAT THE VSI WILL CO~P LET£LY REMOVE THE N ECESSI T V F"OR OR I V ERS ANSWERIN G QlJ [S- Tf ONS. HOWEVER , THE I NT ENT f S TH AT I T WI LL RELt EVE HUI OF" A LARQE PART or TH£ ROUT I N E QU E: STIONS WHI CH CAN BE BETTER HANDLED I N TH I S MANNt R. t N OPtRA Tt ON THE t:;IRI VER ~AS A SELECTOR SWI TOH ~OR CHOICE OY EXPRESS, LOCAL, OR CONTINUAL WINDING• AND A CONTRO~ BUTTON WHIOH HE PUSHES MOMENTARILY ,oR EACH DE S IR£D CHANQE. AUTOMATtO tN Twas CONTROL ts SEMf- YHAT TH E DRIVER HA S BUT TO ACTUATE I T ro R STARTf NQ AND THE UN I T WILL CONTJNV[ UN TI L A PRED ETERMI NEO t NDEXfNQ ARRANQEMENT TURN t S IT o~,. A THOROUGH STUC V OF THE SURROUNDIN G COND I TIONS HAS RESULTED I N A Ot S IGN WHICH WILL MAKE THE vst A VALUABLE ADDITION TO BE I NCORPORATED IN THE SERVICE o, MANY TRANSIT LINES. NOT ONLY DOES THIS U~IT MAME THE OPERATOR'S VERY OOMPLEX TASK tAS,E R, SU T f T ALSO RlNDE RS A SERVICE TO ALL PASSENGERS. THE VSI ,uL,ILLS A NECESSARY ,uNCTfON ,oR PASSENQCRS TRAVtLINQ ON STRANQ[ ROUTES ANO ts AN ADDED SERVICE TO THOSE WHO TRAVEL THE SAME ROUTES CONSTANT~Y. MARKET PRO&LEM§ PRODUCTION PRACTICES TH£ MARKET FOR BUS£S OF THE TYPE WHICH WILL St CO NStOEREO FOR THtS STUOV IS SUP PLIED av rav e MAJOR COMPANIES. ( -1) L tSTEP tN THE qROtR OF ",,,. THEIR IMPOATAN0£ tN THE SU~PLV PIOTURC, THEY ARE GENERAL .MOTORS O0MPAN'I, MACK MANl/FAOTlJRJ N$ CORPORATION• THE MITE MOTOR COMPANY, TWlN COACH COMPANY ANO AOF-BRtLL MOTORS COMPANY. SINCE GENERAL MOTORS 18 BV rAR THE LARQtST SUPPLIER ANO HAS THE MOST COMPLETE YACILITIES ,oR MANUrACTURE, IT WfLL su,,to£ roA THE PURPOSt o, THlS THESIS TO REVIEW THE PRACTtCES WHICH IT UTILtZtS JN TH£ MANUr ACTURE or THEtR VEHICLES. TMtS IS CSPEOtALLV TRUE SINCE tTS PRAOTIOES AA£ NOT OONStSTANT WITH WHAT MIQHT BE £XPEOTtO. BECAUSE GENERAL ~ OTORS tS SUCH A LA RQ£ ANO 00M- PL£T£ ORQANfZATfON, IT COULD BE LOGICALLY ASSUMED THAT tT MANU~AOTUR£S ALL OR NEARLY A~L 0~ TH£ COMPONENTS OY fTS VEHICLES. TH£ OASE. HoWEVER• SUCH IS NOT 9ttN£RAI. Mo·roRS A~TUAl.LV COtiSTRUCTS THE &AStO rRAME, BODY ANO MOTOR, BUT IT RESORTS TO OTHER SPECIALISTS FOR SUPPLY or PARTS SUCH AS • 10 - MARMET PROBLEMS CHAIRS, WINDO~s. rLO~Rs. OOIN BOXES, ~HEELS, BRAKES, _DRUMS, AXLESt ~NtUMATtC ~O ORS, BUZZER SYSTEMS, TRANSMISSIONS; CLUTCHES , DESTINATION StQNS ANO A VAST NUMBER OF OTH[R MAJOR ANO MINOR AOCESSORtts. tr R[QUtREO ONLY A BRtr, STUDY TO SUBSTANTIATE THE rACT THAT THE SMALLER COMPANIES roLLOW THIS SAM[ PROCEDURE. THJS ANALYSIS IS MADE roR THE PURPOSE OP SHOWINQ THAT THE PRODUCTION OF' THE VSI WOUI..O NOT 8£ RESTRIOTEO TO ONE OF THE MA~OR MANUrACTURtNQ COMPANIES. fT tNOtCATES THAT THt f"INAI.. OESIGN MUST BE 91MPLt,tE0 TO A POINT SUCH THAT A SMALL ORGANIZATION CAN UNDERTAKE TO MANUrACTURE THE VSI BY sue-qoNTRACTING THE ,cw COMPLICATED PARTS. ANO THEN DOfNG THE ASSEMBLY ' rN THEIR OWN PLANT. VOLUME ESTIMATE AS THC PREVtOUS SECTION WAS INSERTED SECAUSE or A 0£PINITE B(A.JNQ ON TH£ PROBLEM, THI$ SECTION o,YtRS THE POSStltLITV OY A001TtqNAL RCSTRIOTtON9. IN THE YIELD o, CONSUMERS' GOODS, A VOLUME POTEN- TIAL IS ESTIMATED roR THE MAIN PURPOSE o, DtfERMtNtNQ WHETHER THE VENTURE CAN BE A SUOCESS~UL ON£. AN ATTEMPT IS MAD[ TO £STABLISH THE EXfSTENOE OYA MARK£ T PRO ... 11 OtMANO t ANO THE SJ lit oir THAT OEM~ND IS A MAJOR CONSIOERATlON lN PRODUOTfON . A SCH EOULE or StVE RA~ THOUSAND UN\TS WOULP J USTtPV AN EXPtNSIV! r OOt.. I NQ ARRAN(H:MENT; WHEREAS A COMPARAT IVEL. V SMALL RUN wou~o REQUIRE A "HANO ~AOE" APPROACH WITH A MtNtMUM OP CAPITAL INVE ~TMENT FOR TOOLS AN {) 0 t ES. IN THE OAS£ o, THE vs1. IT IS tXTREMCLY 01,,,ou~, TO MAKE THI$ ftRST ESTIMATE OF MARKET POTENTtAL. TH£ MEDIUM OF QUEST tONNAtRES BROUGHT FORTH THI EXTREMES OF' I NT ER EST. TH£ BFt£A1( DOWN WAS A PPROX- I MAT£LY HALY FOR THOSE FAVORABLE fF THE SOLUTION COULD SE WORKED OUT succe:SSF'ULLV AND ECONOMi CALt.,V; AND HALF AGAtNST t T REQAROLESS OF THt YJNAL SOLUTION. PERSONAL OONTAOl WITH TRANStT COMPANY MANA- GtR S ANO BU$ OPERATORS , WHO MUST AL.90 8~ SOL.0 ON THE VSI, RESULTED lN A SLIGHTLY BETTER AVER AGE OF FAVORABL.!: REACT .I ON ANO INTEREST. FROM THE LATEST Y~QURES AVAl~A8~E roR 1948, TH!R( WtRE MORE TNAN THI: NATION. eofooo MOTOR 81J9£S OPtRATINI IN ANO OUAfN.Q THAT YEAR MORE THAN 15 ~000 NtW 9US!9 WIRE: 9UPPLIC0 TO THE TRANSIT OOMPANIES •. (46- 1) BASED ON TH£ PREVIOUS OtSOUSSIQN o, rAvOAABLt - 12 • MARK£T PR OBL EMS INTEREST ANO THE ,tQURES JUST STAJED, £VEN A V£RY CONS ERVATIVE PART OF THE AVAILABLE MAR~tT wou~o GfVE THE R£QUfRE0 JUSTf;fCATt ON . FOR P ROO~CTION o, THE VSf • IT WOUL D Br: AOVt SABLEt HO WEVER, IF' TM! 0£ SIQN COULD ACCOMMODATE COMPARATIVELY SMALL INtTIAl. PF?00UC tJON RUNS Wt THOUT MAKING tHtM AN UN £CON OM JOAL UNOERTAKfNt , THE ?AtVIOUS OtSCUSS tON 0£ALING WfTH PROOUOT t ON PffACTtCtS HAS ESTABLtSH£0 THt FACT THAT THERE ARE MANY oo.MPANfES WH(OH MANU,A(UUR[ AOC[S90Flt£S F'OR THE 8ASI O BUS. TH Et R MA tN OHANN El. S ,-OR ADV ER- T f St NQ ANO CONTACT AR! OIREO T MAIL ANO APPROPRI ATE TRADE PUBI..ICATIONS.( 4 6-a) IV THESE MEANS THE COMPANIE$ tSTA8t..lSH A DEMAND f'OR THEIR PROOIJOTS, ANO TRANStT COMPANtES PUROHASlNQ UNITS ,ROM eus MANU,ACTURtRS SP£CtrY PARTICULAR A00£SSORlES roft INSTALLATION. THIS COMPRISES THE t..AR&ltST PAAT or THE AOOESSORY MANUPAOTURER ' S ~ALE S VOLUMt. IN ADOITfON TO THE ORtGtNAL SALE, MO ST or THE OOMPANI ES JMPl,.QV . A ,ew ME'.N WHO COVtR THE'. I R te:Rl:UTORV ABOUT TWO T ,I MS:9 EACH VEA R AN O ACT AS A COMBI - NATION 0~ ,AOfORY REPRESENTATIVE ANO SALESMAN, .. 13 - MA i:tKEl PROBL t S THEY CHECK ON THE SERVlC! OF THEIR PARTICULAR PRODUCT ANO OF E TH£ L TEST SUGGESTION S PERTt~ N ET TO CO, Tl WEO QOOD SltRVICE. PERSO, AL CONTA CT MA RKE T• Tl-tt S t S IN IS MAINTAI N ED .H TH ANOT HER CH A ~JE ·rn t s WA. V A TH I:: POTtNTI AL OPEN TO TH£ COMPA V WH ICH c ·oosts TO MA ·u ~AC tURE THE VSI. THERE f S ONE POSSI Bt LI TV WHl CH SHOULD Bl MEN• TtONE:D HERE. S INO[ THE vs t ts A SELF-CONTAINED UNIT ANO CAN BE I NSTAI.LEO IN BUSES WHICH AR£ • ALREADY tN OPt RATtON, THE POSStBtLITY EXISTS THAT A LAR~E PART or TH£ SALES OOULO BE 0fR£0T TO TRANSIT COMPANIES RATHER THAN TO BUS MANU,ACTURtRS FOR INSTALLATION. VEHICLES IN USE MAKE UP A MAJOR PART 07 TH£ PQT£NTIAL MARKET ANO SUCH A SALES APPROACH WOULD OERl'AtNLY Bt tXPL.Ot TtD IN THE PROMOTION o, THE VSI • 0f STR18UTtON YOR THE MAJOR . AOCESSORIES TRANSPORl'AT t ON IN OUST RY IS VERY SIMPL&. tN THE EV£N THE LARQ£A COMPANIES SUCH AS THE KARPEN CHAIR CORPORA Tl ON MA IN TAtN A CtN TRAL POI NT OF' SUSI l'lE:SS I N THt EAST ANO HAVE R£F'USEO TO iSTABL ISH ANY SORT o, ~oaa£R OR OISTRIBUTIQN ARRANQtMENT. THIS IS TYPICAL ,oR MUOH or THIS TYPE 0~ EQU IPMtNT ... 14 WI TH AN MARKET PROB EM S tXC!::PTt ON Or A F'E'IV WHO HANDL.E THE! R PRODUCTS THROUQH MAJ OR J OB BERS IN THE LAROE PO PULATION CCNTU:RS . THE 1Al N CA1'C GORV OF' SUP- P LIS:llS WHO HAVE BEEN FORCED TO BRE:AI< Htl R D IS- TR l SU TION INTO SHORTER CHANNELS ARE THOSE S£LLtNQ REPLACEMENT PART S r OR MAl NTEN ANC E, REP AIR ANO S!R V&OI NQ SUOH A S ENQtN£ A0C£$SORtES. ANO THIS WOULD NOT NECE SSARILY APP~Y TO THE MANUFACTUR£~ WH O WOU LO Bt PROOUCtNQ THE vst • , .. IN GENERAl. t FAOTURE , T: SHOULO e E NOT EO THAT nu: ANU- or TH E VSI WOULD NOT NiCESSARl ~ Y S E RES R I CTEO TO ANY £:XI ST f NQ PROOUCER . PAN Y COULO Et THEA MAKE ~OST o, TH£ PARTS OP- sua- OONTRACT ANO AS S£MB LE THE VSI • SE LL I T TO ANY COM- THEY OOU&,.O El THER aus MANUFACTURERS OR OIRECT TO lHE TRANStT COMPANIE S. I F' TKE LATE R WERE DONE, Ef THER AN INST Al,.LATlON SERV IC E COULD 8£ OFY-£RED OR INSTRUCTtONS WH ICH COULO BE SIMPLE ENOUQH ,oR MOST TRANSi T MAINTEN ANCE SHOPS et INOLUDEO. ro F"Ol.l.OW WOULD THE OESIQN o, TH£ vst IS NOT RCSTRtCTED TO A NARROW rt£LO OF MANUFACTU RE ANG COULO et UND£Rl'Al<[N ev 4 SMALi. COMPANY WITHOUT rtQU~ING HEAVILY ON A LARQ£ CAPITAL OUTLAY. • 15 - MARKET PR08!,EM! TH£ NAME •v1sUAL STREET INDICATOR• WAS FINALLY OEOIOEO ON AP'TER A QR EAT DEAL OHOtCC o,- OONSI OCRAT I ON• THE or A NAME IS IMPORTANT AS IT MUST LEND ITSEL' IN MANY WAYS IN CONNECTION WITH THE PRO- DUCT. IN THE CONSUMER QOOOS ,1tLD THERE IS A . . D£,INITE AOYANTAQE IN A OESCRIPTlVE, PHONETICALLY PL EASI NQ WORO OR SHORT PHRASE WHICH QI VES THE PRODUCT DISTINOTtON tN AND INDIVIDUALITY. HoWEVERt THIS OA S£ THE NAME WtLL PROBABLY NOT APPEAR ON THE PRODUCT ANO A SLIGHTLY Dt,,ERtNT APPROACH WAS · POSSIBLE. IN THE NAME rtNAL.LV CHOSEN THERE IS THE NECtSSAftY COMBINATION or DESCRIPTION ANO EXPLANAT~ON o, ,.UNCTION WHICH 19 DESIRED. IN ADDITION, THE AMERICAN HABJT roR ALPHABET A88REYIATIONS MAKIS tT AL.MOST A CERTAINTY THAT THE VISUAL. SrR££T INDI OATOR WI L.L OOMI TO BE REFERRED TO AS THE AS IS DONE tN THIS THESIS. VSI THE RESULT IS EASILY REOOGNtZID ANO PROMOTES AN tNTE REST ANO ATTENTtONe IT IS A LtTTIR ARRANQEME"T PLEASINQ TO THE EAR AND WfLL LEND ITSEL' TO AOVERTIStNQ WHfCH WILL INSURE IDENTl,tCATION or THE PRODUCT AND MANU,AO- PftE-OESIGN RESEARCH fN THE GENERAL APPROACH TO THIS PROBLEM THERI ARE OE,tNITE CATEQORIES WHfOH MUST BE CONStDEREC. THIS SECTION WtLL INDICATE TH£St DIVISIONS ANO SHOW THEtR IMPORTANCE IN THE COMPLETE OtStQN PICTURE. At.L THESE CONSI OER.ATIONS WILL HAVE THtt R PROPORTIONATI ,,,,or ON THE FfNAL OtSIQN. HowtVIR lt MUST BE KIPT tN MlND THAT THE PRIMARY JUSTI• Ft0AT40N FOR THtS THESIS IS THE COMBINED FUNCTION OF QfVINQ AIO TO PASSENGERS AND MAKING THE TASK OF THE OPERATOR EASIER. PASSINQtA8 1 PRp8L£M8 THE TRANSIT OOMPANtES HAVE AS THEIR PRIMARY PUIIPOSI FOR EXISTENCE THE •uovlNQ• o, PEOPLE. THESI PASSENQERS ARE THE FOCAL POINT OF THIS SECTION. AS THE ACTUAL MEANS FOR TRANSPORTATION BECOMES IMPROVED WITH NEW AND BETTER EQUIPMENT (FIG. 1), THE NECESSARY TREND FOR PROVIDING AOOITIONA~ SERVICE IEOOMES EVIDENT. A PHASE IN THIS TREND 19 THE MORE CONVENIENT OISSEMINATION OF IN,OR• MATION TO PASS!NQERS. PEOPLE RIOINQ IN BUSE$ tN THE MANY CITIES ACROSS THE NATION ARE AT ONE Tf Mt: OR ANOTNIR TRAVEL t NQ ON ROUTES WH I OH ARt - 17 • PAe:-D£SIGN OOM~LETE&;.V UNP'AMIL.IAR TO THEM. 'fHtS F'tGURE, AOCOROINQ TO THE AUTHORis SURVEY. ts SET fN TH£ VICINITY o, 15i.• NOT ONLY IN THfS CO MPARATtVE~Y • SM ALL PERCENTAQt OF TH£ TRAF FtC fS T~tS TRUE, BUT fN AN ESTfMATEO 50f OF' TH£ CAS ES, PASSENGS:A S ARE NOT WELL. ACQUAINTED WI TM THUR ROUTES. THERE,ORE QUESTIONS ARI 91 fl£QARDINQ THEi A V£Ht0L.l: 1 S PROGRESS. THIS t 8 PARTlCUI.ARLV TAU£ our... A QREAT DEAL o, OUfUNQ TM£ DARK HOURS ,\NO OTHER TIME$ WHEN St0£ VISl81LITV 89 OBSCURED. ' ,· . tRRtTATION ANO ot'soou,oRT IS rooo si:: o ON THIS F'OR THt PASSENGER THERE .ARE TWO OATEQORI ES IN WHICH THE NEED roR IN,-ORMATION Wll.L ,At.I.. TH£A£ ARC PROBLEMS WHICH AFHSE 8EF'ORE 80AROtNQ tHE V£HfCLE ANO OTHERS WHICH OCCUR Al'TtR THIS I N ITIAL FOR ASStSTANCE WI tH PROB- CHOICE HAS BtEN MADE1 LEMS 81tF'OR£ 80.ARC>INQ, AN EF'FtOTtVE Al D HAS BEEN ,ouND BY SEYtRAL TRANSIT OQMPANl£S THROUQH THt MEDIUM OF MAP9.IIM' THE SCOPE HOWEVtR, IT IS ONI.V WITMtN or THIS STUDY TO Bl QONCIANEO WI T..ff THOlt QUl9Tt ON S WHt CH A Rf SI AF'TER 80ARtHNG THC SEE APP. It p. 69 1 Q.UESTtON 1 . SEE APP, 8 , P. 71 ,11 COMMENT SUMMARY I TD' 4. . aus. AT PRESENT THE OPERATOR , s TH E ONLY DEP ENDA BLE SOURCE F' OR tNP'ORMA TfON AND THERE ARE MAN Y TfMtS WH EN f T IS f MPOSSl BL E FOR HIM TO 00 JUSTICE'. TO QU£S'flONS . * fN AO OtTION TO MANY TIMES WHEN THC OPERATOR fS TOO BU SY TO ANSWER QU ESTfONS, TH ERt t S A BARRt-CFt ERECTED SY t.AW TO PREViNT CONVERSATION WMtCH 19 Ot 8 TRAOTI NG TO ORf, VERS. ALL CONVERSATION TO TH£ MORE t.. ,t 9ERAL I N Tt:RPAE- TAT tON OF' LIMITING ONLY UNN !CISSA~Y QU£STJON9 TO THE OPCRAfORS. <51 -s)•• 0CCASt ON ALL.Y ,o f'ft MAY CONSULT A YELLOW PASSENGER roR tN,ORMATl9N au, TH IS or TEN PROVES UN SA Tl s, AOTORV, IT I S WELL KNOWN THAT THE RESULTS WILL USUALLY VARY 0£PCl(,QfNQ ON THE NUMBER or PERSONS QUESTIONED. Tft lS 0£PE:NOINCV ON TH£ OPERATOR ,oR IN,-ORMA TION CONTRtBUTtS ro ANOTHER P AOBL t M tNCOUNT£REO BY Al..t.. WHO PATRONIZE THt TRANSIT SYSTtMS . STEP &AOI< TO TH£ RE.AA " "PLEAS£ t 9 A RIQlJCST OP-TEN H£A RO . THER£ SttMS TO SE AN I NHERgNT TENO£NO,V ON THE PART QY AL.L PASStNQ£RS TO AEMA •I N N&:AR THE ,f 'AONT * St[ APP. ** LOS ANQ ELl:S MUN ICIPAL Ooot:, StOTtON 56.18-19. a. P. 69, Q.u ,srto~ 2. • A STOP 1 CALLID 1 19 - ARE ,oROED TO COMPETE ,oR A ,oRWARO LOCATION ,, THEV EXPECT TO QET TH[ tN,oRMATION. fT IS A COMMON StQHT TO St£ ALL ,RONT SEATS OCCUPIEO WHICH LEAVE. AN ONLY ALTERNATIVE OP' HANGING OVER THE ORIVER 1 SOMETIMES ,oR,BLOCKS, JUST WAITINQ TO NEAR A STREET NAME. THEN, PRO- Vt DtNG TH£ PASSENQEFl WAS ABI.£ TO HEAR 1 HE MUST MANEUVER HIS WAY TO THE REAR ,oR THE PREFERREO EXIT ON MOST VEHIOLES. WITH A CLIAAER PICTURE or TH£ PASSENQtRS' PROB- L£MSt IT ts LOQIOAL THAT A NCW METHOD ,oR PRESENT.... tN,O-RMATtQN M-AY 8ETTE:R REMEDY THIS SITUATION • . . SINO£ THE DRtvu•s VOICE, EV~N WITH AMPLf,tCATION. ts NOT A SATtSP'AOTORY MEO·IUM, THE POSSt81LtTY or A VtSUA'°' AID 81:00litlS EVIOENT. VI WAl:: CRITIRIA . ( A NEW APPROACH, WHICH t.18£8 A CHANQfNQ SIGN TO PlltSENt THE STOP NAMES, WILi. NECESSITATE THS ESTABLISHMENT o, A VISUAL LEVEL TO SATts,v A VAST MAJORf TY o, PASSENGERS. P'OR WHICH IT IS DESIGNED. THIS t S ESSEN Tl AL ~EGARDLESS o, THI - 20 PERFEOT I ON WI TH WH IOH THE OTHER DESI QN DETAILS 4RE SOLVED 1 1, THE NAMES ARE NOT LEQfBL[ TO PASSENQERS, THE VSI WtL.L NOT 8[ A use:,uL UNIT. A MAJOR CONSIDERATION WITH REQARO TO THIS VISUAL LEVEL. IS THE OBSERVATION DI STANCE IN THE LONQEST yEHIOt.,.E WHICH MIQHT ~£ EQUIP£0 WITH THE VSI. IN THE CASE_o, BUSES, WHICH WERE CHOSEN ,oR THIS THESlS, THE DISTANCE WAS MEASURED AS 30 ,EET ,Row THE REAR SEAT TO TH[ rORWARO LOCATION OF' THE VS·I . nos REQUIREMENT ts BASED ON A VEHICLE WHICH t TtLIZES TH£ MAXIMUM LENGTH ALLOWED BY LA w.( 4 8-3) WITH THE READINQ , DISTANCE ESTABLISHED, THE RfQUIREO VISUAL LEVEL COULD BE APPROAOHED IN TWO WAYS. EITHER IT COULD BE OETERMlNEO BY tXPERIM[NT OR av RErERENCE TO SOME ESTABLISHED BASIS. SCOPE SINCE IT WAS CONSIDERED ,AR BEYOND THE o, THIS STUDY TO CONDUCT A su,,tOI ENT NUMBER 9, TEST CASES TO SUBSTANTIATE EX e ERIMENTAL RESULTS, IT WAS OEOfDED TO USE TH£ OTHER POSSIBILITY. THE ,AMILIAR SYSTEM OY VISUAL OHA~TS USED IN THE rl ELO or OPTICS FOR EVE EXAMINATION WAS CHOSEN AS THE SAStS roR COMPARISON.(53-10) - 21 THIS£ CHARTS AR£ SET UP ON TH£ BAStS OF REAOINI INOtVIOU&L AL.PHABET OHARAOTERS tN AN UNREl.ATEB QROUP AT A DISTAN CE ~, 20 rtET WITH ON£ EV£. TH£ ~EVtt.. THUS ESTABLISHED IS CALL.ED TWENTVTW£NT V AND IS WRt TTEN 20/20. THI$ Af..PHABET SI Zft WHtOH WAS SEL.EOTED fOR THE BASjO tNOEX RE,ERREO TO AS A "20 ,ooTM LETTER. IS ALLOWANCE IS MADE roR LESSER VISJON av fNCR£ASfNQ TM£ LE:TTER SIZE IN PROPORTIONATE STEPS AS 20/40 UP TO 20/200. THtSE ,ttACTIONS INDICATC THE EYE UNDER EXAMINATION AT 20/30, IS OAPASLE o, READING 20 rEET WM'T TH£ EYE USED AS A STANDARD COULO DI SCtRN AT 30, 40 OR WHATEVER NUMBER OF' ,tET THI 0£NOMlNAT0R SNOWS. EACH o, THESE LARQER LtTT~RS IS Rtf'ERRED TO roR SIZE AS A 1t30 ,ooT" LETTER, tTOETIRA, SINCE THC vst MUST PRtSENT NAMES L£Ql81..Y, THIS ,uNOTtON WOULO BE ruLrlt..LEO -~ THE us, o, A VtRV LARGE A&..PHAIET. HOWCVER; TH&RE IS RESTRIC- TION ON TH£ SfZE o, ™' UNIT 8COAUSE or INSTAL- t.ATJON R!QUHtlMENTS, THIS IS THI INCENTlVI ,-OR OAR£,ULLY £STABLISH .I N$ THE ALPHABET SIZE'. AT THE SMALt..!ST ALI..OWABL.E POINT ,oR PROPER t.EQl81t.lJY. .. 22 At..PHAICT HtlQHT OITE:RMINES THf; ROLL SIZES THC DIMENSIONS. AND 0A9E IN A DtSOUSSION, OR. HENRIETTA JOHNSON SAIO IT WAS HEM OPINION THAT THE VtStON REQUIR£0 ,oR PRACTICAL MOVtM!NT tS SOMEWH£AE IN THE VICINITY o, 20/70. A PERSON WHO HAS POORtR Vt !HON THAN THIS OAN NOT SArELY QET AROUND IN TRAF,tO WITHOUT BEING .A OETRtMtNT TO HIMS[~~ AND OTH!Rs.• 0,.COURSt MANY WHOSE VISION IS tN nus CATlUIORY H.AVE HAO CORRtOT t ON Wt TH Gt.ASSES TO SOIU: 8lTTER DtQ•EC ANO POSS\8LV ALL THE WAY TO THt fOEA~ 20/20. IT IS NOT THOSE WI TH OORRECTl'.0 HOWCVER, . VISION WHO AR£ TO 8£ USED TO £$TA8LISH THE REQUIRED MINtMUM• RATHER IT IS THOSE WHO USt PU8~l0 TRANSPORTATION ANO ARC IN THE BQ~OER CATEGORY WHICH MUST 8£ CONSIDERED. SINO£ THIS ,ACTOR IS SO IMPORTANT IN THE OESfQN, EXPERIMENTS WERE CARRtlO OUT STARTtNQ WITH A I.ETTER a.. 65 INCHES NIQH. ,-ROM A PROPORTIONATE THIS DIMENSION RIESUI.TtD SIZE INCREASE o, TH£ •TO ,oor 11 I.ETTER WHICH COMPENSATED F'OR OBSERVATION ,ROM 30 ,.,,, RATHER THAN THE STANOARD 20 ,oor • HENRIETTA JOHNSON, M. D. t PRAOTIOINQ OPHTHALMOI.OQIST 17 YEARS, PASADENA, CAL.t,ORNIA. • 23 - THERE ARE SEVERAL ,ACTORS WHICH WOULD INDICATE THAT THE DIMENSION OF 1.65 INCHES INCLUDES A WI OE MARQIN o, SAFETY WHEN CONSIDERED IN THE APPLICATION o, THE VSI, ANO THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS SUBSTANTfATEO THIS. ALTHOUQH IT tS NOT POSSIBLE TO EVALUATE ACCURATELY EACH o, THI l'ACTORS ?HUR WHICH WILL 8E DISCUSSED IN THIS PARAGRAPM, TOTAL tr,tOT WAS SUFFICIENT TO ESTABL.t SH THE ,tNAL STANDARD ,oR THE VSI AS A LETTER ONLY 1.25 fNOHES HI.QH. FtRST, THE SURROUNDINGS, TH£ LIQHTtNQ AND THt CHART COLORS UStD IN DOCTOR'S OF'FICES ARE NO'f COMPL£TE~Y STANOARO OR THE OPTIMUM. TH&:: 8ASI(') LETTER StOOND, OIMEN!HONS AND ,oRMS ARE CHOSEN MORE F'OR THE A81LfTV TO CON,USE THAN TO AID tN REOOGNtTfON. THIS CAN READH.Y BE SEEN BY COM- PARING THE EXAMP~£S SHOWN ON THE PAQE OP POSITC , FIGURE 2. THIRD, THE STANDARO IS BASED ON READ- INCi WI TH EACH EYE SEPARATE\,.V, AND THE RESULT WHEN USING •o~H EYES ts o,TEN BETTER THAN THAT 9£CURED av EtTHlA EYE ALONE. • FOURTH, THE LETTER QROUPINQ FOR A MORE DETAILED ANO COMPLETE DISCUSSION o,- THE VtSUAI. EXPERIMENTS, SEE APP. A, P. 54 • or .. 24 .. RE:- 0 E:$ l GN fS SPEOI FI OALLY UNRE1.AT£0 SO THAT NO WORD IS FORMED WH ICH ALSO ADOS TO TH£ Dlr~IOU~TV 0~ MREAOtNQ 1 • IN THIS CATEGORY, ANOTHER FAVORABLE ,s THE PSYCHOLOGICAL £YF£0T or KNOWINQ AHEAO or TI ME THE WORD WHICH ,s TO Bt t OENTt,tED.• FACTOR THtS I S A DErlNITE ADVANTAGE ANO ts TH£ SITUATION WHICH WOULD EXIST WH[N UStNG THE VSI. 0P[RATOR 1 S PROBLEMS tN BUS[S WH~RE THE OP[RATOR IS AVAILABLE roR QU£STIONtNQ 9 HE IS CONSTANTLY IURDENEO BV REQU!9TI ,oR "OALLINQ" CERTAIN STREETS. THIS IS AN AODtD DUTY TO AN ALREADY LONQ LIST or RESPONSIBILITIES, THE MOST MP0 RT ANT o, WH ICH fS THE OARErUL ANO SArt HANDLING Qr Ht9 VEHICLE TO CAUSl THC LlAST OfSCOMrORT ro PASStN,[R9 -- ANO OTHERS ON THE STREET~ IN A0 DITION, HE MUST TAK£ FARES AND MAICE CHANGE, WATCH THE.OORRS AND CHECK roR SAFI LOAD- ING AND UN~QADINQ, ANSWER QUESTIONS ANO MAtNTAIN A VERV C~OSE TIME SCHEDULE.** WITH TH19 f~ MfNO, IT fS EASY TO SEt THAT THE * OR. HENRIETTA JoHNSO~, OP. OtT • 0RtVtRis CHECK SHEET; FOIW NCL-110, NATIONAL OtTY ltNtS, INCORPORATED, CHtOAQOt ILLfNOIS. .... - 25 • PR e:- De::s r GN ADDITIONA L LOAD or QfVtNG t Nro~ ATION SH OULD ee Sl ~ PLIFt~O AS MUCH A $ POSSt8LE. ROUT INE QUtST I ON9 ANO THE MENTAL. trFORT NECESSARY TO Rl!MEMBER Wli l QH STRES::TS TO CAl.l. OR CALL. t NQ ALl. STREETS IS AN UNDUE STRAIN ANO SOUR OE OF' DIS.. TRAOTtON !O OPERATORS.• fT fS £SS£NTI At., THEREFO R£, THAT THE: REQUIREMENTS F'OR THE OP!RAT t ON or THE VSI BE AS !UMPL.E AS POSStlLS: ANO TH AT tTS USE l "F'ECTtVEl..V Rt:l..t&:V!S TH£ OPERATOA. IN THE tNtTtAL. STAQES OY DEVELOPMENT, SEVERAL MtTHOOS F'OR COMPLETE AUTOMATIC CONTROL WERE CONStOER£0 AS MEANS roR REMOVING THE N££0 0~ A£SPONSJBIL.f TY ON THE PA~T OF THE OPERATOR. TO MtNTtON THESE SRIE,.t.V, THERE WAS THC PO$StBtLITV o, ELEOTRONIO ACTUATION rROM POSITIONS ALONG THt ROUTE. THIS COULO BE ACCOMPt..tSHEO BV SMAL.L UNtTa tMITTING SIGNALS WHICH WOULD t~rtCT A CHANG£ AS THE VEH10L.£ PASSED THAT PARTICULAR SPOT AND R£CtEVED THC IMPULSE. ANOT HER POSSf$tt.fTY WAS A GEARING ARRANGEMENT . TO MAINTA IN AN ASSOCtATfON WITH THE VEHtCl.£ • SEE APP . 8, P, 69, QUESTION 3: COMMtNT SUMMARY ITEM 3. P. 71, - 26 .... PRE-DE I GN f"ROM OV E:RH EAO WJ AES, THER£: WAS THE T RO t.. L. E: V . WK tCH M I GHT St; USEO AS A M EANS f' OR CONtROt.. • HOWEV ER, t T WAS QUI TE EVf OENT THA T THE SCOPE Or TH 1$ PR 0 8l..EM 0 1 0 NOT At.LOVl" f"O R 'fHE COMP t.t- CATEO ANO EXP ENS IVE EQUIPMENT NECESSA RY TO A BOt.U TtON OF THIS TYP E. CONSt DtRATt ON WAS Al.SO QI VEN TO tNOORPOAAT t NI A S£QUENCt R£QUI REM ENT IN AN AUTOMATt O CONTROL..• ·- THIS WOUL.O AOTUATt THE UNtT ,.Ot.t..OWINQ A SIT PATT£RN OF tN010£NTS WHtCH OOOU RR£0 AT EACH STOP . Bur CARtFUL OSSERVAttON OF BU$ TRAVE~ SHOwto TOO M.UiY VARIABLES tN NORMAL. OPtRATION AND l'Ht C>IUVER WOULD SUL.L 81 REQUIRED ro tXERCISt A CONSTANT OKtCk ON THE UNtT TO ASOtRtAIN THAT IT WAa "tN 9TtP• WfTH TH£ eue. ANOTH£R F't\,eTQA WEfQHtMG AQA .IN9T AUTOMATIQ OONTRO&. WAS A StR•rs o, REPLlES TO THE AUTHOR•s QUtST IONNAfAIS WHtCH RlLAT!D UNSe co, ss,uL ATTfMPTS TO OIStGN UNtTS o, THtS OAT£QORY.• THIS PHASE THtRErORE RtSOLVtS IT SELr tNTO A MATT ER o, MA fUNQ A l!IAl!ilUAL. CONTROL. WHtOH COULD * SE£ APP . 8, P. 72, COMMENT SUMMARY ITEM 8. - - 27 - P RE- DESIGN BE ACTUATED av THE OPERATOR ANO PREr£RABLV so CONNECTED WITH HIS NORMAL SEQUENCE o, OPERATION THAT fT WOULD SOON SE AN AUTOMATIC MOV!MENT RE QUIRING ALMOST NO CONCENT RATION OR EPPORT ON HIS PA'T• IT t S A POSS IBl~ITY THAT THIS OONT~OL BUTTON, WHICH MUST BE PUSHED POR EVERY OHANQt, BE LOCATED ON SOMETHtNQ THAT IS USED I N EACH SEQUENCE OY OPERATfON AS THE BUS LEAVES A STOP. I N ADDITION TO THE ROUTfNE OONTROL N!CtSSARY ,oR TH£ NORMAL "LOQAL" OPERATtON WHIOH HAS VERY rREQU ENT STOPS, THERE WAS A ,ACTOR o, "EXPRtss• RUNS WHICH MAY BE OVEA THE SAME ROUTE. AT T MES A TRI P MAY BE ENTIRELY ttEXPRESS 1 OR ONLY PA RTS or TH E RO UTE MAY 8£ HANOLIO tN THJS WAY 0EPEN 0 t NQ ON MANY OONOtTtONS.• TO PREVENT THE OPERATOR ~ROM HAVlNG TO WATCH THE VSI TO SE£ • WH ICH NAME tS AP P EARINQ 9 IT lS I MP ORTANT THA T A SELECTOR WH ICH CAN MAKE THIS CHOICE BE I ' COR- PORATt O IN THE CONTROL 9V STE AND LOCATED CON• V£ Nt£NTLY. ANOTH ER ,uNCflON o, TH[ CONTROL SVST!M MUST BE THAT OP ALL OWING ~OR COMPLtT[ RC-WINO QR RtVERSAL IF Site APP• 8 • P • 73, GEN ERAI. COMMENT ITEM 0. - 2 . . .... p ro R A SHORT P ER lOO or TI ME IN CASE THE NO T COOR Dt N,TEO WI TH TH£ BU OPERATION. vsi ts IN EITHER CASE, TH! OPCRA TOR MUST HAVt THtS rUNOTtON P£RF'OAMEO tTHOUT HAVfNG TO REMOVE HIS ATTtfiTION F"ROM OTH!'.R OUTJ ts. AT TH£ tNO Of" THE ROUTE , IN PARTICUL,.AR• THS: RE ARE MANY THINQS WHICH MUST 8£ OONE: AND RES ETTING THE VSI SHOULD NOT BE AN AODCO OUTY. THER E i S ON£ OTHER REQUtRe:MENT WHtOH MVSl 8E rULf' 1 L.l.ED 8't TH E OPERATOR. IT t S NEOtSSARV TO CCtMPENSATE ,.OR TH£ rACT THAT VEHlOLES 00 NOT TRAVEL THE SAMt:,ROUTES DAILY OR EVEN ONE ENTtFtt DAY. Ttu:Re,oac, TH E ROLLS US£D tN THE VSI WOUL.0 ltTHER HAVE TO BE t..ONQ tNOIJQH TO CQNTAtN 4L.L. THI ROUTES fN A Ct TV OR EL.8£ tAOH ROL.l. WOULD CARRY ONL.Y ONt ROUtt. BEOAUSI THE ,t RST PllEllf SE IS IMPRACTf,CAL o, THt BUI..MY 1101.l.8 WHI OH WOUt..0 RESULT ANO TH£ OTH!R AL. TtRNATI VE Wt L.L REQU UtE OCOASI ONAL CHANG£$ o, ROl..~8. Sl·NOt THIS OPERATtON o, ROLL 0HAN8E Wt ~I.. PR09A8L Y 8E Ptf\,OftMtO IV TN£ OPERATOR BtF'OAE HE STARTS H t S DAH. Y RtJN OR SOM!:WHtllt OURiNQ TH C DAV tfNEN Ot9PATOH HAS RE'.QUf, REO A i • CHANGE OJ' ROUTE, 9PEOtAI. ATTfNTtON MUST Bl QIV£N • 29 - PRE-DESI fjN TO MAKtNG THIS A FAST SIMPLE MATTER. THIS IS AN tMPORTANT FACTOR IN A LARQE NUMBER OF RETURNS TO THt AUTHOR 1 S QUESTIONNAIRES.* TH£ APPl:ARANCg THE VSI HAS TWO MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS WHaCH MUST BE ,ua..,ti..LED ev TH£ tKTERIO .R CASE DESIQN. n.,sc RESTRICTIONS WfLL 8£ DICTATED BY THE PURP09£ ANO FUNCTION o, THE UNIT AND THE SURROUNOtNQ9 IN WHICH tT MUST 8E PLACID. SINCE THE VSI MUST PRESENT tN,ORMATION tN THC roRM o, A PfUNTED WORD, IT IS REQUIRED THAT THIS PRISENTATION 6E THE OUTSTANOINQ ,cATURt o, THE 01:StQN. . TO tNSURt TMAT THE 11 NEXT STOPtt APPIARS PftOMINENTL.V, IT SHOULD 91 a:r,tCTIVEt..Y rFh\MtO roR CONTRAST WITH TMI 018TRA0TINQ SUf\ftOUNOINQ8 .. THIS P'RAME MUST NOT ONLY DtSTfNQUtSH TM£ 001.0.R CONTRAST BUT 9 T MUST ALSO MtNT worco ev ,u.i. THC R~QUf RE- or RE0UCf NQ tNTtR,t.RtNCE 'ROM SHAOOWS, 0RO$S- L. QHttNQ AN 0 QI.A Rt FROM 1HE eus WIN oows. To ACCOMPLISH THESt P'ACTORS • THE NAM£ OF' THE STOP WILL BE PRESENTED IN A REOESSED •SHADOW SEE APP• 8, P. 72, COMMENT 8Ul.4MARY aox" ITEM 7 OPENING, THE MOST PROMINENT FEATURE ON TH£ FRONT OP' THE UNIT. OtMENStONAI. RESTRICTIONS ON THE CAS£ DEPEND ON TH[ CONTOUR OP' TH£ VEHICLE CEILING ANO THE HEAD ROOM REQUIREMENTS P'OR PEOPLE QETTING ON THE eus. St NC[ THE SCOPE OP' THJ. S PROBLEM t ' Ot RECTtD TOWARD THE GASOLINE OR DIESEL eus, THE MOST POPULAR MODEL WOULD BE UStO TO DETERMINE THESE RESTRIOTtNQ ,AOTORS.( 4 s.,) AN ADDITIONAL RE STRICTION tN SIZE ts o,rER£0 ev A VENTfLATINQ UNtT MOUNTED OVER THE ORtVER'S POSITJON. THtS IS ONLY FOUND IN THE LATEST VfHIC4ES DELIVERED. IN ADDtTION TO rULFILLJNG THESE FUNCTIONAL • REQUIREMENTS, THE CASE MUST rtT INTO THE StMPLt, Al.MOST SEVERC tNTERIOR Of' TODAY'S eus. THE APPLIED ORNAMENTATION WHICH AOCOMPANIEO TME EARLY MODELS HAS ALL 9EtN RE:MOV£0 ftOA I St ER MAINTtNANOI ANO tMPROVEO APPEARANCE. MpTIYE POWER ON TH[ VEHICLE CHOSEN roR TH[ PURPOSE o, THIS • OEStGN, THERE tS THE POSSIBILITY OY TWO POWER SOURCES• El THER ELECTR IO f TV Ofl At R Mf. QHT SE USEO - 31 TO DRIVE THE VSI. THIS WAS A POINT tN01.U0£0 IN THE QUESTIONNAIR E S SENT TO TRANSIT COMPANIES AND A QENEROUS MARQfN WERE IN ,AvOR or £LEOTRtCITY AS A RELATIVELY TROUBI.E ,REE MOTIVE SOURCE. * IN AOOtTtON, THI NECESSARY PL t SHED WORK QOUL.D BE ACCOM- av A $MAL.I.. MOTOR WH' OH WOULD REQU' RE VERY Lt TTL£ MAINTCNANOE. THE WIDE VARIANCE IN CONTROL WHICH WAS DESIRED COULD 8£ AOCOMODATED SY A rA I RLY SI MPLE ARRANQEM[NT or $WITCHES ANO RELA~S. ALSO, TH£ ELEOT RtO MOTOR WOULD o,,cR A QUfETtR, SMOOTHER OPERAl'ION THAN THE AIR MO TOR W~ilCH WAS THE AI.TERNATtVC: SOURCE OF' POWER. A SUMMARY o, THE ,EATURES DISOUSSEO IN THIS SECTI ON AND THOSE POINTS WHICH WERt RAISED IN ANSWERS TO QU t STtONNAIRES INOICATtD THAT A SATtSFAOTORY SOLU- Tl ON TO THI S P ROBLEM WtLI. BE ,.OUND IN A UNIT WHICH WILL ,,,a:cTIVE~Y MEET THC ,oLI.OWINQ RCQUIREMENTII 1, PROVIDE THE NAME or THE NEXT STOP IN SUCH A WAY THAT IT t8 REAOA81.E TO PA8StNQERS ANYWHERE IN TH£ YEH t CL.I:, 2, • PROVIDE THIS tN,.ORMATION SOON ENOUQH TO ALI.OW ,oR A REASO-. ABLE AMOUNT o, TIME FOR EXlT PREPARATIONS, SEE APP. B, P. 70, QUESTION 6, - 32 - 3. fittQUHtE AN ABSOLUTE MINIMUM 0,- EF',-ORT ON THE PART OF' THE OPERATOR IN THE ROUTINE CONTROL OF' THE UNIT. 4. HAVE A CAPACITY su,,,c1ENT ~OR AT 170 °NAMEI P£R ROLL ANO PREFERABLY MOR£. WfTH SOM£ PROVIS.ON roR SPLICING ANO CHANGt~G ROUTES. * LEAST 5• PROVfOE FOR A QUICKt CASY WAY TO THE ROL.I..S. CHANGE 6. 7. PROVIDE ,-OR "EXPRESS" OR 11 L00AL" OPlRATtON OR A OOMBINATION or THE TWO OVER THE SAME ROUTE. PRESENT A WELL INTEQRATEO AND PLEASINQ APPEARANCE fN ITS SURROUNDINGS. 8. PROVIDE LONG ANO RELIABLE SERVfC£ WITH A M OH MUM or SERVICING ANO MAINTE'.NANCt. 9. INCORPORATE AL~ THESE REQUIREMENTS Wf THt N A 1'REASONA81..E 1' PRi OE. APP ROX- I MAT ELY $100~00 WOULD WELL SATts,v THOSE WHO ANSWERED fHI S POINT ON THE AUTHOR'S QUESTfONNAIRES . ** * SEE App• ** St£ APP. 8, P. 70. Q.UEST ·ION 10. I, P. 70, Qu&:STtON ?• tt:l Li.I a: c( ::> tt:l tt:l <, I la. - THE VISUAL STREET INDICATOR THE FINAL DESIGN THE OEStQN 0~ THE VSI WA$ DETERMINED BY FIRST ESTASLISHt NQ tHE REQlJ tR£MENTS F'OR AN $0EAL UNIT ANO THEN CA R£f'ULLV MODI F'VI NG THI 5 I OEAL 1.tQHT o, PRACTtCALtTV. fN THE ATTENTION WAS Q~VltN TO OCTA~l.S WHICH WERE Afl'F'tOTEO BY ,uNCTfON, OPERA• TtON, APPEARANCE ANO MANUF'ACTUR!. THE FINAi. OESI.QN PREStNTCO fN THE ,oL.LOWINQ SECTIONS 18 A SIMPLE MEO~ANISM WHICH REQUIRES 1:ITTLt £XP£NStVE TOOLtNG, NO SPEOtAL PROCES S£S, ANO rut.,tLLS MANY or THE IDEA~ REQUIREMENTS. THE NAM£ "VISUAL STREtT INOICATOR" WAS OE CtOEO ON AS A SAT ISrAOTOftV 'JFUSE MARK UN DER WtUOH to MARICET TH IS UN IT. IT IS A DESORlf?TlVE TERM ANO PO StSSES TH£ AOVANTAQI or A QENERIC, YET Ot8TtNOTfV£ NAME. THE OAS! D!:StQN WAS l<EPT ANO •s SIMPl.£ AS POSStBI.E THE YINAL SHAPES ARE SUOH THAT NOMtNA~ P~O- DUOTION UStNQ At.UMINUM OOUl..Z> 8£ AOOOMPLlSHtO WITH "Kf RKSI TE" OR "CtRROB£N0 11 DI ES. THt S WOULD BE A SUBSTANTtAL. 9-AVINQ tr THE PRODUCTION Pl.AN 010 NOT JUSTIFY THt LA~Qt CAPfTAl. OUT~AV VOR STE£~ 01 £S. THt CONTOUR OP' THE TOP o, THE CA9t WAS , ·-----,- --- ------------- - 34 ... OETERMINEO av CUTTtNQ A TEMPLATE TO MATCH THE SUS OEILfNQ AT THE LENGTH F'tNAb DEStQN THE PROPER MOUNTING LOCATION. o, THE VSJ WAS DETERMtN£0 BY TH£ NEOESSf TY OF' CLEARtNG THE HEADS OF PA99ENQEAS BOAROINQ AND BY tN,TALLATfON REQUIREMENTS IN THE LATEST MODEL BUStS, WHt· OH HAVt A VCNTILATION UNtT OVER THE.DRtVtR'S.SEAT. IT WAS LEP'T AS LONQ AS POSSIBLE, HOWEVER, TO ALLOW FOR REAOtNG rROM THC A SIDE SEATS WHEN STANDEES WERE tN THE AISLE. o, THIS rACTOR MAY SE MOR[ COMPL£Tt OfSCUSSION P'OUNO f~ THE N£Xf ,S·IOTtON CURTAIN, SI£ PAGt 39. OEAL.tNG WI TH TH£ THE CASE 19 MADE FROM F"OUR ALUMtNUM SEOTtONS, THREE or WH t CH ARE DRAWN A D THI OTHER • s ROLL P'ORMEO. F'1QURt 4 SHOWS THEIR REL.ATIONSHtP AND METHOD.OF' ASSEMBLY. TH£ OASE IS A StMPL£ WRAP- AROUND• lT DOES NOT CARRY ANY Or THE ~OAD ANO tTS ONLY ,uNOTtON ts AS,. COVERINQ. IN AOOtTlOH ro THE l,.A.RQ£ ACCESS THROUGH T~E ,.RONT t WHERE ROLL OHANQES Ml£ AOCOMPL I SHEO; THE £NT I Rt CA SE CAN 8£ REMOVED ,.OR S[RVIOINQ OR INSPECTION TA Kt NQ OUT St X SOfltWS. THE l'ROHf Of' av THE UN t f HtNQtS ALONG THE BOTTOM ANO HAS TWO StMPi.£ SPRING FtNAL DESfQN OATOH!S WHICH INSURE QUICK, £ASV CLOSING. lNSl9E THE CASE THERE AR£ TWO MAIN SUPPORT ~ORMC:R9t WHICH Wlli.L. INCORPORATE MOUNTING A.RRAN,[M£NT$ VOR ALL 0~ TH£ INTtRIOR PARTS. WtLL sr1,F£N IN AO DlTtON, THEY • SHAPt PLUS 8£.NQ ANO HOLO THE CASE tN TNE P01NTS ,oR INSTALLATtON MOUNTfNQ OF THE VSf IN THE VEHIOLE. ftQURE WHICH Wit.lo BE MADE ,ROM 5 SHOWS THESE FORM[RS 16 QAGE STEE;l.. THE 8EAFUNQ fNSt RTS, WH I CH . ARE SPOT W!t..OtO tNTO Pl,.ACt WILL BE ~AOHIN~DC~ROM. 1 020 STEIL 8AR STOCK, I, THEV PRO VE INA OCQUATE FOR THE ~OAOING A~D SPfED8 ENOOUNTER!'.0 IN THE OPERATION OF' THE VSI, POROUS BRONZE INSERfS MA Y B£ IN9TAI.L.E0 IN THE EXtSTfNQ BEARtNGS. THE: PR INTEO 0UATAtN THE CURTAIN ROt.Ll:R WHICH &S USED IN THE VSI IS ON! o, TH! LIMITINQ ,ACfOAS o, THE THE VSI OES!QN, Ir IS TO ,ut.,tt.L TH£ ,uNCTIONAL REQUIAtMtNT, t T MUST SATJ s,.t.OTORtl.Y PRESENT THE STOP NAME SO THAT THE ~AJORfTY or PAS SENQtRS Wlt.t. 8£ AB~E TO REAO t T • 8[0AU9£ OF' TH£ f M~ORTANCE OF OON Sf OER• ATtONI AS TO COLOR CONTRAST , TYPC,AOE AND •cuRTAINft. MATE~IAI.. SAMPt..l TRAC tNQ CLOTH• TYPt 118T EUIENE 0t£TZl£N COMPA Y - ,,ouRt 6 ... FINAL DES I GN - 36 - f~LUMtNATION, SEVER AL TESTS WERE CQNOUCTED ANO AUTHOR I TIE S I N THE FIELD Or OPTICS, AOVERTIStNQ AO I LLU STR ATION NEAE INTERV I EWEO AND QUES TI O ED. FOR A 40RE CQ MPI.ETE 01 scuss1q1-i OF" ALi.. f" ACTORS IN THIS SEC T ION, S EE APP E DfX A , VISUAL EXPERIMENTS, 54. ON PAGE THE MATERIAL CHOSEN FOR THE CURTAIN WAS A rlLLED CLOTH Or THE TYPE USED rOR TRACI NG DRAWINGS. tXAMPLE IS SHOW~ AS FIGURE 6 , :V1 R. A. 'V , ARLI N, THIS TYPE OF' ACCORD I NG CURTAIN AN TO WAS 'vl OSr SAT!SF~CTORY , ~ASIM ILAR I NSTALLATION AS USED ev THE EL ECT RIC s ~Rv!CE MANU~ACTUR t NG CO MP ANY iN THE rAMIL IA ~ DESTINAT IO N ~ARKERS ON THE EXTERtOR OF US£ S.*( ABILITY 52.... g) To f"URTHER SUBS'!°AN TIATE THE ACCEP--T-· or THE CHOSEN MATERIAL, AN EXPE RI MENT WA S COr OUCTEO WHICH CLOSELY APPROXI MATED THE ACTUAi. CONDITION OF USE I N THE VSI ANO THE RESU LTS WERE GOOD. ~ TH E CO~ORS roR PRINTI G WERE CHOSCN AS BLACK ON YELL OW ON THE BASIS OF REFERENCE SOURCE S AND INrORMA T I ON RECEI VE D DURING I NTER VIEWS. * AN A, ~ • . ARL I N, COMPANY RE PRESE NTATIVE~ HUNTER CAR Bu s SIG~ OIV I S I ON, ELECTRIC ¥ A u r AC TURING Co ., LOS ANG ELES, CAL lrO RNI A • ALTHOUGH IT IS SEE APP. C. P. 75. - 37A - AN EXAMPLE, rRANKLIN GOTHIC 1.0, INCHES HIGH Characters In Complete Font A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 0 p Q R T u V w X Y Z & $ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b C d e f g h i j k I m n 0 p q r s t U V W X y Z s ' . .' .' ?. .' THE SELECTED TVPErACE - rRANKLIN GOTHIC - flGURE 7- • 37 1-M POlstlt.l TO DITl:RMlNI CONOI.U8'VII..Y THAT 11.ACIC ON v1:1.a..o, , . A 8CTTIR OOM81NATtON THAN YII.I.OW ON IL.ACK, 11 WAI THE CONSENIUS o, THOII QUISTl:OMIO THAT SUCH A C01.0fl ARRANQEMINT INOUl,,.D 11 u110 •. AS WAI THC CASE Wt TH OH008tNQ TNI COi.OR 0011111• Pfl081.IM. o, ttCRIONAI. PRCrtflANC£ A 8 TO TMI IIIT TYPl,ACI. THI OMI CHOIP ,.OR JHf. Dr:ateN ••• •. FIIANK~IN QoTMtO, MIDIUM WIIIHT ANO 1.25 tNOHII NI IM. TMI lfAMOARD OR CONOINIIO TVPC WOULO 81 use• D£J!DtDING OH THI! &.CNGTH OP' ' " ' WORD.. ht tlfU:flA&., TfCI OICI IIONS IIARtN8 ON THI OHOIOI WIRC THI 111:QUUIIMINtS ,011 A IANI IIRt, I.ETTER ,o. , , su•tt~ I OOMIOUII WHt CH WAI NCAVY INOIIIH TO IIYI A Ct.CAIi ANO.OIST,NOT ~MAGI IUT t.l8HT INOUOH THAT THt: 1 01 t 1 P1 , "ft", £TO. WOUI.O NOT Cl.OSI IN ANO ,oRM A •a&..01 1 • FtGURI 7 19 AN IN AOOtJtON TO lltNI f'E UIOt,UM P'OR OARR'flNI TH£ "AMIS OP' fHI STOPS, THE CURTAIN IIUIT ALSO ,u-.cr tON Al TH£ CONTROi. SOUROI ,.Oflt TKl MOTOlt C UICUt T. ev TAIC .... THI CONTROi,. roll POWER - :se .. tNTIIIRUPTI ON l'lltOM Tf41 CURT A IN, THE RISUL T I 8 AN ADOCO CIRTAl'NTY THAT THI NAME WU.L AI.WAYI IC PIIOPlftt.'t ALtlNEO WtTM THC OPINtNQ. FtGURI 8 tl.l.UStRA'flS THE SPACtNQ l.AYOUT P'OR THI CUlltTAIN, . ANO 8"0W8 THI METHOD ,-oft . CONTROi. or THI VARJOUI fllEI..AY CUICUtTI ,.Oft 1.00At.., EOftEIS, O" CONTINUOUI WINO OPlftATI ON• TO DC TERM t NI T'4AT TH£ PUNCMtO H0&..11 WOUI.D .. UJtCTI0111 PROPERI.Y AS CCN TflOL. MIDIUII' ANO THAT THIY WOUL.0 STAND UII UtU>t:1111 IX:TINOEO UII • A TIit WAI CONOUOTIO ANO TMI RC9UI. TS WIRI 8ATI S,AOTOIIY ,* 0N tttE IAI' 8 0,- TWO OtCNCI PER NAME Al SMO- ON THC t.AYOUt t ANO THI IIIQUUtlO MAXIMUM _o, 170 NAM ti WtOCK WU.I.. 11 tNOt.UDIO ON SOME ROl..1..8., TH£ LENQTM o, THI CURTAIN ....... , ••our ~ .. ,,, ... WINDING THtS L.INITH ON A TU.I ONC tNCH fN OfAMTIR lltlSULTCD Ht AN t MOREA ICO RO-.L. 8 I IC o, APflttlO>C I MAT Cl. 'I 1 •15 tNCKt8. TNfS DltflNSfOH OP' 1.75 INOHII 19 A t..lMfTfNQ f'AOTGllt IN OtTIMHNINC TMI MUUMUM CAIi 9flt. SIE APP. C, P. 75~ SIi APP, 8, P. 70, QUISTION 7. SI NCC THC LCNtTH o, THE CASI WAS LIMITED eY MOUN~INQ ,11s,,uor,0NI AN.0 CLEARANCES P'OIII PAISIN- QIRI, THt WIDTH or THE CURTAIN WAI Al.SO ,1~10. A PIIOBL.CM WAI ENCOUNTt:11£0 HERi WI TH THC OBITAUCTI ON o,- StlKY 8EfWIIN IEATIO PAl91NIIR9 AND THI vst. WH,IN 8TANOll8 Wt:Rl f N JHE Al sa.c. THI I OON- Ot T ION P'OATIINATII.V t:JC I ITS MOSTl..V OURI NI THC •utH HOUR ANO ooueot DII W~TH THC TtMC . . ,N THE IMA&.L.IIT PlftCCNTAQC HoWIVIIII, IN ~N ATTtMPT TO MAKI TH£ VSl YATtON. AS o, P·CQPLC, THI OOMMUTERB, NIED INP'OI• usv-u1.. AS P091f81..I, IV£N UNOER TH!SE CONDI- TlONS, THI LAVOUT !$+.OWN IN AS A PART ·t AL lllt..t .C ,. SHOIJLO 80 r~OM TH( ,,,ovRI 8, Is $1JCIQC 8T !O WtTHt N RIASON , AL.I.. NAAfEI t.E,- T TO THE RtGHT MA~QI~ • US U IQ Alf EX TS~OE.O AI-PHAIET 1,- N£CES9ARY ~ : TH.IS •H.L. ALLOW THE SCATEO PAISINQERS TO 0Al 0 H A T t..EAST TH£ ,uun 011 LAST t..£TTEfl8, A1..so,. SHORT NAM£$ Wf&.L. . , REPEATED ON IAOH ~NO. av UTtLI .ltNI THC INTtRt WtOTH o, THE CURTAIN, PAISENQERS LOOKING ,ea A NAMC SUCH AS OALtrORNtA WOULD AT LEAST 811 THI CAL 09' THI NIA WMtCH t8 su,.,,o,cNT TO 101:NTtl'Y THI lfOP. THC CH~018 ,oa Ot.lP"-ICATt'ON .... THC 81QfMNIN8 OR ENOINQ • ' IMALI.. . or CON8CCUTtV£ NAIIIS. ARE VERY t, THI N-AMI II SHORT, LUCE lM<E, IT Wf 1.1. • 40 I I Vl8tlL.1 ON 80TH ENOS RATHER THAN LOST IN THI OINTIR, Ft QURI 9 SHOWS THE MICHAN I OAL. AtlRANQEMENT ,011 MOIINTtNQ TMI CUtlTAIN flOL.LS tN THE UNIT, IT ti ISSCHTIAli, TNAT Rl'.litOVtNQ ANO REPI..AOtNQ THI tlQI.LI I I.• A QUICK, CAIV OPIRATtOH • TO tNSURI THtS, RCMO,VAL tlCQUtfllS OVEPlCOMINI THE SP,UN8 PIICISUftl TU ■ I ANO, JAIUNCI OUT THI •cP'J!t'f'.AtN" f 8 WOUND. ~~N-J 8 NfOIIIAflY. ON WHICH TH.I: PfltNTED THIRE AR£ NO T00&..9 Oft AOtlUIT- TMI MCTMOD ,.011 ATTACHlNI THI CU,tJ,e\tN TO TMI TU81 I I '-'IT ANO lfM!tl,,I; YC:T IT 1// AfSU,11£8 ltOSI Tl VI AL.f ~NMINT" f t.'-_• 1101.1. IN N'TCIII INIIRTtNt THC i V8.f t TNI E•TY !UBI t 9 IH)IOYIO TNI r,,,,_:'"" t..OWER MC)U~TINI PO:SIYION. ANG THE IND or / ~ • 1,THC OUIITAtN JN WHtON A Pl IC.I OP' WlflC t 9 SCWN t i LU> . t.NTO A ,.OIIMIO lflOOVE IIIUNNINQ THI 1.INITH or • ~..1.··111111. : ;( / THt S t 9 11.L.UITflATCO t M Fl QURI 10~ J.t:tf'OH A&..10 SNOWS Tr-ti COM91N•TtON l!tETAINCR9 ... 0 ,l' :· : ('1'UIOI. OH CACH IN.0 OP' T~I , CUIITAIN ROL,a.. ,/' f IN' AOOITION TO TH£.'TWO MAU~' ROl.t.9 ON WHICH TH£ ·O tUlTAt N IS CARRI I I / ,o • THERt ARI TWO QUI Oi l!tOL.LEAS. THIii RO~LER9 At..t.OW ,oR THE CHANGING OtAMITElt8 AS TM£ OUfllTAtN WtNOS 'ROM ONl tNO TO THE OTHER. THE OONTRO~ IYSTIM ~OR fH[ MOTOR Rlt.AY t8 ALSO O~tRA'flD rROM A SET OF CONTACt 8TfUPJS WHICH ARC &NCOfltPOR~fCD ON THI [NO 01' ONE FtOUIIIC o, THI ftOL.t.ERS. 11 SHOWS AN ENO Vt EW 01" TH£ OURTAlN TH READINQ ANO TH£ SQH~AtfO VOR Ae.TUAl'INQ THI MOTOR CONTROi.. REI.AV THROtJQH PERl'ORAT f ONS IN THt OURTAfN. TO Pft.ODUOt THC OCSt RCO CON TROt.. WM t CK WAS 01 9- CUSllD Iii THlt 9~CfJQH ON, P,tl•OESIQN RESEARCH, PA.CS 21 ANO 28 • t T WAS r&UNO OO!i'lf;N I INT TO . .ARRANGt THI 8WtTOHE9 Ht TWO I.OOAltONI. Offl tflO\Jll • COMIJR { 11:0 01' TNC CON TflOI. t WH I OM AitC USIO OOCAttOMAt..t.•. COUl.fl> ac MOUN TIO ON tHCI II OWN SWITCH _.Al!llL OR INCORPOIIATID ON TMt: tit STINQ CONtflOL.. PAl!II... ,ouNO OM MOST eusca. THC OtHl:fl OONTIIO&. • • ,o.. IACN CHANQE or "THt VSI cou~o 81 MOUNTCO ON , .. t MANDI.[ ,o,- o.-utATlNI THt aus " " ' " IUTTON Utll 000fl8 OR IN ANY OTHtR PLAICt WHtOH WAS CONVENIENT - 42 0N THE SWITCH PANEL WU.I. 9! THREE 9Wt TOHII Al U.LUSTfllATtO Uf FtQURI 12. THt ON-Of'P' 9WtTOH WI LL. CONTAO~ POWt ~ TO THE MOTOR ANO &..IGHTS ANO ALSO TO T t P SH UT TON AN 0 SE&..CCTOR Q tRQUt TS,. WA Y 8£l..£0TOR P tRM I TS A CHO I Cl: o, t.OCAI. t IJCPRIIS o,- OON1'1NUOUS WtttOtN• o, T"l CURTAIN. SWtTOH IS ,-OR IIICVEf\SAt.. THt THIIII o, OfltlOTION. THE THUU> THE WIIUN8 OtAQ~AM ,o R THI SY STEM CAN 8£ SEEN IN FtQURI 18. THt RILAY, WHICH t~ SCHEMATICAI.L.Y R£PRE9£NTIO JN TH£ WfRtNI DtA,RAM, IS NOf AVAIL.All.I AS A 8TANOA11t0 PAllf, HOWEYIRt MINOR MOOt~fOATIO S OOUL.0 1£ MADI ON E'lt·STtNQ MOOIL.S WHIOH WOUL. O ,ui..rt&.L THI fllQUllill- MtNTS NECESSARY roR THIS •PPL.fCATION.< 49- TH! MOT(?ft CK08tN f'OA THE 4 )• VSt t 8 A 12 VOi.. T, Ot AICT CUIU:tlNT• $EIU!S WOUND UNIT WtTH A 9ftl.lT ,ttt..0 'MOCN CA~ 81 OC9ttNIO TO ~IT T"t R£QUf~tMINTS o, T"C vs,.< 4 9-5).. INCORPORATED ON TH E MOTOR WtLL 9£ A TWO-STAQE IIAII REDUCTION UNIT ANO A &..OW SPEIO • 0, LIROY, AOVANCt Rt~AV 00MPANV, LOS ANQl~£8 C4t..t,.OfltNtA ~ .. ,.... . ;. . . R. MUIISotfl,,111, 0oMPANV fltPREStN 1'A Tl VI• LOI A~Qll.19, CAt..., EI.ECTRtC MOT0'-1 CORP., ftA -O tNC, Wt•• • 43 - FI NAL DES IGN ON THI SHA,T WtLL SC A R£LAV CONTROLLED, ,RtCTI ON . BRAK£ WH1CH WjLL HOLD THE MOTOA tN A rtX£0 POStTION WHfLE TH£ POWER ts NOT BEi.NCi APPLIEO, ANO WlHOH Wlt.L THE DAI V[ TtO fNS URE AP PROXfM A T[l.'f TH E: SAM[ AMOUNT AMANQ£ MS:NT or TH! VSf 11 Ott9 tGN£0 ,011 UNtT WII. L Bit TWO ,RIC•WfltEl:LINI 0LUTOHl8. TH£! £ PULLtYS WtLL 8! MOUN TtO ON THC SHArT 90 THAT POWER WU.I. 8E TRANSM t T T ED IN tA CH DtR£CT10N or ROTATION . NeOPR£Nlt 8 ELTS o, Ot RC Ul..AR CRO S- SECTt ON , SfMtL R TO TH E TI PE U ED TO T~ANSMJT PO ER TO TH rt ae..owe: R t.N VAOUt M 01.. ltAN &RS, wtt.L. oea. f VER THE mu Vt F'ROM EAOH OF THE ,.,u:£-WHEta..·• NG PULL£YS TO A PULL[V ON THt £NO or EACH CURTAIN ROt.t. R. FtGU t 14 H .. 1..US TRATl:S TH~ TYP E or CLUTCH r o BE us r.o IN TH E UN IT ro R THE DlRCCTIONA~ DRIVE AN O AL SO SH OWS A SOHEMAT IO ARRANGEM EN T PO ER o,- THE TRANSMISStON. nus SYSTEM Al.LO WS roR A OONNEOTION WHfCH MAKES THE POWER DE~ I YIRV SMOOTH ~ tT A~80 COMPIN9ATl8 - 45A - EXTERIOR COLOR SAMPLES - F' I GU RE 15 - F - 45 - OOULO 8£ OELtV EREO WITH A PRI MER COAT APF ~l ED ND PURCHASE RS OOUl.O EASI~ MATCH THt t . eus l NrtR tO RS . SPRA Y 0~ A COLOR TO HoWEVE R. THERE &$ SOME OtSAOVANTAQE IN SUCH A TRtATMENT $EOAU$£ or TH E I MP R SSf ON THAT t S NOT A F"HH SHED AR1't C1.£e N!:: t TttM THCRC ARI TWO ft£QUtRl\11NT9 WHi-CH TH£ FINISH SHOUl..0 Ml'.L,. TO ,ut.f'IL.L. TM! OAS£,CONTOU,-s AR£ StMPt.! tN OROEFt TO REDUCI DtSl'VABtNG• 90tHtRBOME: Nt•t..lGMT8 AN O R£f"Lt0TION9 AN O THE A$ SURF'ACE QOATtN G ~HOUL.D tet TO WARO TH I $ OES f Rl O EF',.£()T . At.so . THE "SHA OOW BOX" F RON T SHOULO 8t A El.ARK 00 1..0 R TO P'RAMC EFFF;OTfVEt..V TH E L.HIHTtO \/ £L L OW, SA OKGROVN O OF' T.HC OURTAtN • TO (1£T THE8 £ R£ 8UL T9 t fT t S SUCUl(STEO THAT A WARM Q~tV t,,A-OQUCR IN A SEMf•MAT ,.tNI SH WOU\.D IUF"F'IOI ANO ALSO H.ARMONfZI: WtTH MOST SUI tNTIRtORS. FtQVR~ 15 18 A OOLOA SAMPL£ AS OONt ON THI VSI MO DCL. To PR£VENT nu: rtEt.fNQ OF" A DARK, HEAVY 08efECT '" TH E PROMI N£N T P OStTtON Wf'HOM Tl'tt ONLY THE l'R Mtf: tN TH£ rttONt WH,L Vli f WIL'- OOOUPV, •t TH£ OAlllK cot.011. HE REMAINOiA, WHICH t i NOT SO VISt81.£ ANO OOMftRtllS o, THC EXTERIOR SUJlt.F'AOE Wfl..L. ec WM t TE TO BL ENO TH[ VSI t N WI TH THE COLOR or THE 1'H t QREAT~R PA RT M~ J Ofltl TV o, &US 0ttt..lN8S. REf'ERENCE SECT I 9M ( 1) au, MARKET AND SUPt?LV MR. F. w. MC0oNALO, LOCAt. fttrRISENTATIV[ ,oR GINIRAI. MOTOR I, tN CHARQI o, THEI ti BUI AND COACH 0,v,itoN. WITH QCNIRAI,. MOTORS SAi.iS SINCE 1914, IN 8119 DtVtltO .. 9 .t NCI tT9 ORQAN• I ZATI OH IN t9!5. OUIUNQ ' " ' OPCRATtNQ VEAR or 1948 THl:lll WIRI APPftOXtllAtE"'-Y 15,000 CtfY IUICS SO&.O. o, THAT ..UMIER, GENERAi. MOTORS SUPPt.lCO ABOUT 40. Otl e,ooo. THE OTHER MA1'0fl su~- P&. tC9'1 tN THl:fR Pfl08A81.I OROlfl o, IMPORTANOI He THI IUPPI.V PiOTURI A,tl MAOIC M,t. Co., WtUTI MOTOR Co.• TWtN 00AOH Oo., AND ACF-8Rt &.I. MOTORS. OUtU NQ THE WAR WHIM MANY o, · ,H1s1 couPAN111 Wlflt CONVIRTIO TO WAIi PROOUCTI ON, FORD MQTOllt CoMPANV IUP• Pl.110 A •• ,oR PART or THC TRANSJT OOMPANtl8 IIIQUI RIMINTS. How1v111, AT THE PIIISENT TIMI FORD DOCS NOT IIANIC AMONCI THI TOP t.J8TtNG1 LAST YI.All MARKIO A PIAK IN 8Al.t9 SUT THC ,urURE TAENO II UNCERTAtN AND 80MC RIOUC'rtON t 8 ESTIMATIO IN 1949. P•ooucrtON ANO SAi.iS IN TH£ OUfl.R INT VIAR WI Lt.. Plt0aA81.Y . , IN THE RANQt ,ROM TO. 14, 000 UNI TS. IT MUST 81 NOTED THAT THE TRINO TOWARO fRANSPOl'tTATt ON ON RUl8CR Wt LL., Ht ADOtTION TO NEW ,SAL.,s, (?ONTfNC ,o Ar,01110 A 1.AR8C REP·LACEMENT MAFltCET, LAST VCAlt eus,s COVERl:l),1.a55,100,ooo.11tLE8 IN THI NATION, A aus 19 QQ.00 ,oR 8ETWIIN 500,000 ANO 1,500,000 MIi.ES, DEPENDING ON . . ta,ooo THI OONOITIONS o, SERVICE, AN INTERtSTtNt t 9 THE COST OV THESE UNt Tl, THI Vl'.IIY POPULAR 45 PASSENGER aus LISTS roR A80UT t20,ooo. THIS WOULD INDICATE A MARQIN roA NOT' SMA~L A00tTIONAL CXPEN0fTUlltE8 IN AOCIISORIIS WtOCN Wfl.l. IMPROVE THEIR ~UNCTION ANO SlftVICI. (2) PIIODUCTIOH PitACtU)~I AND MERCHANDI StNQ MR. F. W. MODON~~O, OP, ptJ. AT IIREICNT, GENERAi. MOTORI PUROHASIS A80UT TIN PlfltOCNt or THJ VALUE o, A 011.IYCRED BUI • 4'7 - 1t1,tRCNCI SIC!f ON ,1101it OUTII DI SOURCES o, SUPPi. Y • THI: SMALt..llt COMPANI £9 RUN THIS rt QURC NCAR THE TWENTY PEflCENT litARk • SEVERAL VIARS AIO TMCRt: WAS A TRiND TOWARD IUY tNG "STIii PPIO" 8USES. THI 9 MEANT TH£ VOHC&.£ WAS DIL.fVERED ·I N VARIOUS ITAQES COMPLl:T' ON ANO THE ... NOR ACCIISOR119 WltR! THEN tNSTAl.t..£0 av T.MI TRANSIT COM• ·P ANY. TMC · P,tACTIOt HAS Ot 9APPEAllllD ,oft TWO or ,,.,r •T ••• OECte1q RCAIONI. THAT THI MANU,.ACJURlR8 COUl..0 MAKE THC iNSl'ALLAT t ONI MORE tCONOUtCAI..L.Y, ANO 9£COND, MANY 0,- Jff! AOOIO ACCCSSOAfES WER£ POORLY OHOSEN ANO DI O NOT fiUUN8 fN A PlltOPORTfONATE tHCRtASE lN REVINUI• THI AOOltSSORf t:S MANUP'AOTURIRS NOW ,010 tHEt" MAJOR MARKCtS WI TH TNt Vi:Ht IU.tl.DiRS •~o NAYI AOOt Tl ONM,. OUT- ce.c ~tTt TO TRANSIT OOMPANtC WHtOH USE THEIR PRODUCTS ,oR RIPA.IR, REPI.AOiMENT ANO SIA... vicu,e. or THE MA4011 SUPPL1 IRS BUS PA.R/f:S £1.THER NAVE A NAT;f()NAl. OOVt .. AQE 8Y ABOUT 25 OR 30 RlPRCIINT,A Tf VIS A9 DOE$ GCNIRAI,. MOTOltS, OR THEY 00 IUSINESS P'ROM A CENTRAi,. or,101. TH£ PIOTURC fS MUCH THC SAME WITH THE SUPPi.i (RI 01' ACCCSSOIU IS. · SOM£ THE or ~AR8ER OOMPANttl 00 NOT ,ct~ tT NECCSSARY TO ASSttN .J OIBtRS OR RIPRESCNTATtYES WHt LE OTHER$ 00• AOVIRflSINQ JS HANOI.ED THROUIH THE R£1.ATf. Vl:LY ,cw TRANStT PU81.tOATfONS SUOH Al TRANSPOftTATfON" AND THE 5ECTtON .o , TH t "MAIS TIIAN IPOftTAT t ON Of REOTOR'tlf WHICH t I UICO AS A 9UVlll!t8 IUt DC. IT t S THROU(lH SUCM fRAOC PUIL.IOATIONI ANO 8Y Pl'.RSONAI.. OONTAC1 fHltOUQH J889Ut 1 S SA&.tSMEM Oft •eu, ,AOTORY,RtPRES£NTATIVES THAT THEIR 8UStNES9 ts DONE. 8CCAUSI THE NATION ts so THINLY 00YIR£0 1 l· T 19 POSSIBLE ANO USUAL THAT A PlftSONA~ CA~~ MAV NOT OCCUR MORE THAN TWO TtM!I CAOH Yl:AR. THISE MEN Ol'TEN ACT AS AOJUST£AS IN THE OAS! 0,- COMPLAINTS ANO At.SO PASS VAl..UABt.l t.N,-ORMATION TO THE VAOTORY SASIO ON tXPERtENOE QAINtO tN THE P' ·I ILO• - 48 .. (3) eua SPtCtrtCATtONI MR. F. W. MCDoNALD, OP: OtJ• GENERAL MOTORS ANO THE OTH ER MANU,ACTURtRS Ai:\E MAl(f NQ eoot &;8 AS L.ONQ AS THt L AW wtc..&.. PR£8ENTt..V A'-,1..0W. TH!: 45 PASSENGER eus MOST . COMMONI.Y U910 18 34f rtltT IN OVt:RAl..l. &.CNQTH. THE SHOIITIR YlRltON, CAARYlttQ 36 PAIS£Nllftl IS 30 rEIT ,ouR 1NCHIS. PASSINQCR eus WH tOM MAY THtflE ts A NEW tu: REL.CASED SOON 55 eur ., CAN ONLY $1 OP ERATED OUT o, o,,,,s BECAUSE or fTS EXCESSIVE LENGTH. NO SPECt,.tOATtONS AlltE AVAtLABI..£ roR THlS MOOE:C.. NOW. (4) &:1.ICTRIC Rt&.4V, MOTOR CONTROl.i, o. LcRov, SALES ENQtNIEA. ADVANCE "'LAY Mill. COMPANY' 1260 w. 2"0 STRl£T, Los ANG Ii.iS' CA Lt ,oRN t A REI.AV REQUt RP,ENTS S 12 VOi. T OON'tRO'-' AND POWER CI ROV t T 9 40 WATTS IN POWER CtROUtT DOU8LI POL.Ct SINQL£ THROW Vl81!lATION PROQr IMPULIC ACTION IN SOLONOtO CONTROL.8 TH£ REQUIRED UNtT COULD GE MADE IY MOt)l,.V fNQ A 605-8 REL.AV. THE AOTtON WOUL.0 B E oouat.c • POt.t• StNQLE TH.ROW ANO t.~1'CHINQ 9 wttt0H Wtl.L.. PREVINT CHATTER out TO VI BftATf ON o, THI UIUT. THE OONT RO~ SOL.QNOt08 WOUL.0 et MADE TO QUA~O AQAIN8f PA99AQ£ OF' POWER THROUQH THIM ArTl,t TH£ lNl ft Al. IMPUL.8£ HAO ACOOMPLI SH£0 THt 0lSfR£0 0HANQE. Sttout.o t NTIRRUP TINQ ™' CURRENT F'LOW THROUQH TH£ CONTROL CHtOUt TS OAUSC UNDUE ARCING AT l'Ht POINTS, A SERt tS Ofl' OONOtN SORS ARE AVA U.ABt..! WMfCH Wt LI.. 1'1:0UOE THIS TO A MINIMUM. EXPERtM£NT Wit-I.. Sl◄ OW WHIOff f 8 919T l'OR THt PARTICULAR APPLICATION fN THE VSI. - 49 • (5) ELIQTRtO MOTOR ANO ~QUt~MINT MA. ~. _MUESSOORrrtR, MA~u,~CJURtR•j REP~E8tNTATtYt, ELtCTRtO MOTOR CORPORATtON • ftACINt, o,,,ce, Los ANG[L£9, CALt,ORNfA. I SOONSIN. MOTOA REQUtR£M£NTS: Powr;R OUTPUT APP~OXfMATtLY 15 lll'M. LOAD, rROM MODEL• 5•1 STARTING TOftQUI flltVtRSfBl..E HfQH SP££0 RATIO or 5t1 TH£ MOTOflt fil[QUtf't!MENTS ARE Q,UtTE EAStLV ATTAINIO VU TH TH£ "EMC" MOOEL 11 .. A WHICM \YOULD MOR( THAN rtt.,L. THE NtCO. 8ECAUSE T"fl MOTOR DESI QN IS rLIX t BL! ANO A GOV£i:tNOft • 't0M C' t; 8 TO 8t tNCORPORATEO f S AOJUSTA8L..£ t THE 0£'.IUIN 0RfTER1A NEID ONlrV 9£ APPROKtMATC. THI MOD·t t. 11•A f S A .1:2 VOLT.!. . SER I ES WOUND MOTOII WITH A SPLIT ,ttLD, TNE t.OW SP£t0 D!SUtlD WOULO II AOH t £Vl0 av 81AR REOUCTt ON ANO A GOVCRNOR. TME:Rt f 9 A PC>SSIBtLtTY TKAT ENOUGH flESI STt\NOf:: COUl..D 9E t N SERT!:0 IN $!RIIS WITH THE ,1£LO TO QCT THI LOWER RCQUIREO SPIED; HOW£VtR, THIS MAY •tSULT IN AN UN8TA9Lt f!UNNINO OONl!HTtON. E:XPEIUMtNT WOULO PROVI THttl POtNT. THt MOTOR DlSIQN WOULD SE SUCH THAT TH! $P£[0- TORQUS: CURVE WOULO tNTtFtSECT THE LOAO CURVI AT TH~ PROP!:R POJNf ,.Ofl TM! ft£QU t PIED Ht QH SPtlO TO Rt-WtND. THt S WOULO BE SOMEWH!'.RE AflOUND 1Ot0OO 11PM O.F THt MOTOR. A CONTROLLED T!'.ST U91N8 AN 0VtRStZ£D MOTOR ON THE ,.IRST MODEL WOULD (UV! ALL THE JU:C!SSARV fN,.ORMATt N. TH! RESU&.. TS COULD TM!N Bt .f NCOftPORATtO f NTO A CUSTOM WtNOfNQ ON TH[ MODEL 11•A P'RAME• A GOV CRNOR t S A VA t Ae ... t WH I OH WOUL O e:,r ICl !NTL, flt:0001 TH( MOTOR SP!!D TO A t..OW L£V!L 01' 8,000 tllPM AND 9Tt "-L MAINTAIN A IT All.I RlJNNHUl SPE«O ANO MOTOR CONDITION. THI STAATf NQ 1'0RQUI MEASURE• ON TH[ ftOUQM MOQIL WAI APPROXIMATELY 51 1, WHICH SHOUt..O ,c VIRV ~,~ .. THAT THI rtNf9HED o, AT 100 RPM, THIS ~OAD ft&PR£9ENTS vst. .ooe H, IOH, t NOLUOtNQ THE QS:AR REDUOTfON UNfT, woui..o l,.[AVE A WI Dt 9ArtTY MARQ tN ' " TH£ 1/eOTH HP OY THt 11-A. THt MOTOR WOULD ORAW 8£TW£eN 34 ANO 38 WATTS. THE T O ST GE Q£AFI Rt OUCTt N t S AV l L Al!t.t ' I TM A CHOI CE I N RANQE BtT El:N 2100:1 ANO 40:1. fTH THIS WID£ NL.0 or SPttCS P~US TH£ OOVERNOR CONTROL ON TH£ MO TOR• .f T WOULD B E FAJRLV SIMPLE TO PROOUO TH£ 0ESI RED SHAFT SP£'tO .• TO tNSUR£ CONSf T NT STOPPI NG T'«ME NO NO MO VEMENT 0 URfNG NON~ OP ERATI NQ P E roos , THE £ rs AVA ILA8 LE A SIMPLE SPRf NQ LOA0£0 BRAKC WHIOH t S £LA V CON TROLL ED ANO CAN B E APPLtEO ON THE SHAF'T OF' THE 11-A. (6) Ma. R. A;, HAuui. JR •• MANAGER, PASADENA OtTY L.1NES, PASAD EN A• C 1. ·t rORNIA. "BASED ON FACTS rROM A TRANSPORTATI ON JOURNAL, IT WAS RECENTLY CA t.OUt..AT EO THAT THt NUMBIR o, PASSl GERS HANDLED PER V£HlCL£ EACH DAV 18 0 ALMOST MORE THAN lT WAS 2 VEA.S aeo.• ;o, (T) MftfS TRANSPORTAT • ON o, RtCTORY, Ke:Nr t S:LD-0Av • B PU8Lt8H ING COMPANY, CHtOAGO 1949, P. 52-3. ttTRANSf T EQU IPMENT StNC£ 1926 ... THE PROQRESS o, CONVERSI ON rROM STREET RAIL AY TO MOTOR eus f S AGAIN THE MOST STRI KI NG r EATU RE OF ,HE RECORO . OVER TH£ 22 V£AR P£Rf0 0 WHI I. E THE NUM BER or· su RrACE STR EET ·c;.Rs 111A s DE(? REASHJG r~ou (?2,857 TO 21,607 , TH£ NUM81'.ft OF MOTOR BUSES WAS I NORtAStNG YROM 14,400 TO 56,817• A HRI N KAQ E OF' 86~ I N TH£ CASE or ONE .AND AN tXPANStON o, 2951 ·~ THE CASC or TH£ OTHER . TROLLtV COA CH !S DO NOT GET fNTQ TJ1! PICTU9'E UNTIL 1928, IVT IETW£1N THA1' VJA~ AN D 1947 THEY INQRU.S£0 rROM 41 TO 4,63!. THi NUM8£R or SUBWAY AND ILlVATtO CARS f NOREASEO rROM 8 •909 IN 1926 TO REr€RtNO£ SEOTIO . - 51 - n ,205 IN New 1938, 8 T THEt -AAZINQ OP' THE tLEVATCO YORK ~£DUOtC THtfA NUM8EA TO LfN!S IN 9,174 1 N 1 1 ONL.V 265 MORE THAN IN 1928. WtTH LCOTAtO RAfLWAYS RAPfOLV ors PPtARfNQ P'RO~ TH£ LOCAL TRAN IT PICTURE IN AL~_CtTttS, THE R£M4fNJNG TAACK TfL~ t OPE TION fS L.ARSEt..V OONO[NTftATtO IN Ottte:e OV£R POPULATION." (8) 250,000 Pye~tO MAZAAOg .,.L. ,.o....,_..,...........,........,_____________ e: ING RTf CL..E: f3 • R • 10. 77; oo • O~o. No. 9~ ,150, "0 PCRSQN SHALL TA~K UN NEOt9S ARtLV ro. OR £NQAQE tN UNN£Ct99A~Y CONVERSATfON 1TH ANY MOT.AMAN, OR OTH~R PERSON OPERATING ANY STREET R AJ l..AOAO 0 R, OR I NTERU B RAll.WAY OAR, ANO O SUCH OTO MAN SHALL TAL UNf1S:0EIARIL. TO OA E QAQt IN UN t0E99ARY veRSATlO, Wl TH AN V OTHtR PERSON. PAOVI 0&0 1 HOW!VER, THAT NOTHI -Q CONTAINED IN THIS co SE TION HALL BE OON9TRUEO T APPLY TO THE NEC!SSA~V CONVE S TION 0~ THE MOT A AN ON, OtH! P ER SON OP RATl Q SUCH O R &TH OT ER ERSO s e PLOYED IN TH· OP~RATION TH ER£or, OR IN TH£ OPERATtON or THE STREET Af~AOAD 0 CH OAR tNT AU B N AIL ROAO TO WHICH B!t.ONQS•" ,SEO T. N 56,.lf} - ~OPE~ ON STREtT CARS - ~hoHtatTtN9 Co HALL RUN O O ERA T~ AV TfQN TRE£1 RAf l.ROAD OAR OR t NTltRUABAN AAI LROAO CA~ Al.ONG V TR£ 1' UNI.. es THtR~ $HAI. I.. 8£ OtSPt..-A YEO OR PLACtD OV!R THI STATION IN SUCH OAR, OOCUPtEO . V THE UOTORMAN TH£REor, A SlQN TO THE ErrcOT THAT OONVt~SATtON wt TH TH£ MOTOflM N I A Hl81Ti'.D BV LAW•" - 52 (8) MR. E. J . F o x , MA I N TEN ANCE SUPtFHNTENDtNT• PA SA0£NA Ct V l1N E:S• P ASAD ENA, CAL. lrORN I A . "SINCt TH t 0&..0TH tt o u RTAIN ROt..(9" HAVE Bt[N U O fN THE ESTI NAT I O SIGNS , t CAN NOT A M£MBl?R HAVING TO ntPL ACE ON E OUETO ROU-rt E EAR. " -53- (1 0 ) Based on visual angle ol one mmute. 200ft.or61 m. 100 ft. or 30 5 m CB 70 ft or 2 1.75 m. DLF 501tor1524m PTEO 40ft. orl219m FZBDE 30 ft or 9 14 m OFLCTB 20 ft or 6 10 m TPEOLFDZ 15ft.or475m LPCTZBDFEO 1011 or305m Z O C E F L D P B T American V Optical No. l'U7 -FIGURE 16- THI CSTAS~t SH ,ENT Or P fOR TH , ER VtSUAL. 0HARAOTERISTIC9 V I WAS OF GRtA T IMP ORl.ANCS: \N f'UL.f'lt.LIN8 TNE ,ur-,Ot l OH o, TH£ UNt ·r . THt:RirORI. A OQ Ot:RTd ,,,011r WAS MAO£ TO PijOPtRLV tVA&..UATt TH E rACTORI cr,cC TINQ t. t fU8U.e.rv. R&:F'EREN(Ht \'/AS MAOll: fO PUa. L.101\TlONS WHICH OltAL. WI TH REAOU4<., Vl SlON ANO I.Ctl8H,f l' Y AND P£0PI.£ WHO 8P£CIA1.8Z£ IN TMtS ANO A·l800tAT£D £ tCl.08 WERt CON.SUL TED TO OETIRIONt THI PROPIR APP'IOACH J'OR IXP£~ tM£NT. Al A Rt9UL.T o, THIS * INtTtAt. RCSl:AROH, THE ,.01,.L.OWtNQ POINTS WERE CSlA9L t 8HCO AS ft!ftTINl"T ,oR CONSI 0111- AY IC?": (1 ), Lf!fTER HUQHT (4), tLt.tJMtNAT .t ON. (2), TYttO-A-C! (~ ) , COLOII . THt9t WEAfl D!TERMtNEO AS THI CSIINTfAt. , AOTO R9 !f'P-ECTfNQ t..E:GtBft.lTV. I Te Pfut,A(U! THIS 8£0Tf ON ON Vt SUAL. !XPUUMtNT, ,o\,,;Q~WfNQ txatt"PTS All! fN StRTl:0 AS AN TM£ £,.P'EOT t VI 8UlfMAFtY tN tHCATINQ THI Dt,CEOTtON OP' t:NOCAVOR. • LtQf BH.JTV MAV B!: sAro,, GFJ"f«RALLY TO OIPCND ON Tf!IICE ABSTRACT QtJAt..fTl· CfH St MP~ to1 rv . HAVfNQ ONLY tSS!NTtAL PART9J 0f9TtN01'tON, HAVfNQ MAR.CEO CMAftA0TCRt9TtCS; • A I.I ST 0,. PERSONS INYIRVI £WU) Afii,-IAR9 AT THI INO or THIS APP£NOIX, P. 63. • 55 • A,.eFNot • A PflOPOIITIONt EACH PART HAYING I TS PAOPtR VALUC. THI orstGN 0,. PRtNTID LETTl'IS; THIR1ro11i SHOULD., o, A ,011M THAT II rAMILIAII, IHAPID AOOOROIN8 TO THI PflOPO,._ TIONS WMtCM AR£ NOW AOOIPTCO Al TRAOITIONAL.. •• •• , TH 111aAftO ro '"' 001.0llt 0,. I N'f ON PAPCII. Or 1.,1:11.U.tTV: II.ACK Of4 YII.L.OW; QRIEN Otl THI ro~~OWINI MAI 1,1N ltVIN Al AN,OROIR WHtTC, 1110 0~ MOTi, 11..UI ON ,WHITE, WHITC ON 8LUI, ILAOK ON WHtTC• YILLOW ON IL.ACK, WHf Tl ON . ftCO, MO Tl ON GRIEN, MO Tl ON IL.ACK ANO 1110 ON v11..1.ow.•• ili , fS ..; aE AL;; IZIO 1'HAT IXPlfUMINTAI, ,u:su1.r1 IASID ore PCftlOtfAL A81&.ITltS AND OPUUON IIIQUIIII AN IXTftlMII..Y L.M181 NUMIIR 0,. TEST OAIIS ,ofl 9Ullf 8TANT I AT I GN. tllOAUII TMI 900f'I NEIii I I L.IMI TIO, THI CONCI.U81 GNI ,tlACMCO tN THI I ANAL.Y8tl IIAY NOT II THE Ut.TtMATC • • HOWIVUt, TNIRC WAI AtflCtMINf ON THI PAIIIT o, THOSI CONSULTtO AND TISTIO THAT THE flt9ULT8 Wl:ftt t1a1,ua.. AND AOIQUATI• As AN INtTtA~ flllOtNT ,oR IXPCRtMINT, THE LITTlfl ltZI WAI 0,::TCRM f NIO '"°" THI •s,u:1..L.1:N• IYI CHART WHt ON ti OCNIIDIRIO Al A STANDARD tN THI OPTIOA&.. ,11&.D. Al suecn:STIO IY °"· JOHNSON AND 8Ul8TANTl4Tl:0 . , ,OTHIR 9PIOIAL11Tt, VISION or 20/70 WAS CONSIDl~EO • .J • C. fA'lf!I • HOW To P!eAN Pt,f ttJ, ( LONOON 1M8) • "·" • 3 • 4 • - • • APPCNOt1' A A f'AtR POINT AT MUCH TO E9TABL.ISH THE SIQHT t..t:Vlli. NIOIISARV FOR IArl AUIULATtON. WHICH OOflRISPONOS TO l'HI I THE LtTTER HEtlHf Vt SUAL L.CVCt.. WAS JAKtN '"OM TH£ CHARf AS APPROXIMATILY 1.1 INCH. THI flEADtNQ Ot8TAN0f; ,f NVOI.VIO tN THIS How1v111. TtST IS !0 ,cu ANO THC RltQUf .llCMENT ,o .. THt vst 19 80 ,ac,. StNCI THC ltZt: t . OfRCOTL\' PROPORTIONAL. TO TMC Vf EWING Of ITANCC, THI COIIRICTt ON ,-OR AN El(fflA 10 ,1,r MAKEi THI LETTER HllaHT YOII tNtTtA~ Tl9TI 1.85 INCHIS. (1.1 X 30/20) THtl l.f!TT[fll MttOHT coua.o ac U810 IN THE,.,,. .... . SOLUTION; HOWCVlllt THCflll IS IU:ASON TO ATTIMPT SOM£ fltDU Cf I ON IN If tt. TH! OYCftAL&.. DIMIN9tON$ . 01' THI'. VSI Aftl 01:P!NOfNT ON THI Ml.&.. It %1!: AND THI WtNOOW OJtDffNt, 80TH THI 1.1'.TTClt MCtlHTe o, _.tCH Afll DITIRMtNtO IV ANY IIIOUCTI0'4 WMtOH COULD I t AOCOMPI. t 8HID Wt THOUt DlTIII MINT 1'0 THt P'UNCTI OH WOUL.O 1£ A ocrtNITI AOVANtAII, THIRI WAI 90111 tNOfC"'f tON THAT fHt VtSUAt. t.EYlt. or 20/TO IITABt.t SHIO IV THI "CM'ART:.SCOOUl.0 •• Dtllll&..tOA JED Wt fH 9MAt.l.lR 1..CTTIEfll WNIN APPt..i !D TO NOIIMA&. IICAOINI • JHt I L.!Ytt. INCL.UOIO A MARGIN o, SA,ITY - 51 ·WH:f CH. OOUt..D I! UTU.t ZIO TO sa:cu,u: SOMI D£9f .1'1£0 l!ICOUOTI ON ,f .. THI LCTTIR It ZI f'Oflt THI A,_P&.. HlAT t ON 'IN TMI vst. YAfUOU8 THE ,01.-...owtNQ PARAtflAPHI DISCUSS THI ,,.o,o•• WHICH HAVI: A 81ARtNe ON ' " ' 8 tt(HNT·. THI OltT I CAI.. TIIYtNt CHAf!ITS AflE MAOI TO ACCUfltATt&.Y MIAIURE A PERION 4 S Vt IUON . THEY DO NOT AOTUAl,.t..V :UUUCATI A8U,.1 TY TO RIAD STANDARD TYPES o, THI SAMI fUZI AT THI 8AMI OIITANOI. TO INSUftC THAY fHI TIIT 91: MORE AOCUIIATI, TMC &..ITTlfll IHAPII AIIC VAltf ID ,ttoM OOMMON TYPES AND TMtt Ill OROUI f I THAT NO WORD t S ,.O ..MID. SUCH T•tt 8 IS DON£ TO AIOI,._ TAUi 'HAT 'fHe: PlRS(?N BlfNQ TCSf !O t S ACTUALI.V , , , , ... IACM 1..1rrc111. IIAtMCR THAN ...,..PtNI A USUAL. A"~ANtlMIMT OA MIANtNe Al 18 DGNI IN NOflMA~ RIAOfNt. AN .ADOfTfONAI. AID tO 1.lllBU,.ITY WHICH ti NOT INCOIIPORATIO IN THC TIST CMAAt8 IS THI MORE tOCAI. 001..011 SUIIISTEO IV CVIRY PCRSON IN1'CRVf IWCO AND lNIUOAT!O IN fll,tftlNCt MAJl'.Rf At.. THlt 9Pt:CtAI.. 1,,1:ct o, Vil.LOW ON THC tYI t~ NOT A N lW Of SOOVCflY t AS CVIOINCIO av TMI ,oi.LOWtNQ9 PUSI..ISHCD IN 1925. •THc IYC I I NOT CQUAl.1.Y SIN SIT f VI TO At.I. COl.0111. A YILI.OW-1111~ l.i QIU o, THI: SAUi APP§NOt X . - I A INT£N81 TV PROVt DIS MORE &.. f lHT INQ £rFIOT UPON THC t:VI THAN DOCS A ASO CR Vt Ol..CT &..IQHT. 1t* . 1.tQNT tHCtOlNT UPON It AN O THE 'flt.I.OW SPCCTRUM .. IANO ftEr&i.CCTI ONt.V , , . , 1'HC v11,,1.o• ANO 81.ACI(. eeuat ... NAttON $1111~0 to HAVC A CIRIAT AOVANl'AQt. * 41 Mlle ,ftCEMAN; AN AftT DtREOTOR; 8AIO THE ,tNOtt-flS t N TM!: P'Hn.o o, AOYCRTI SINI WtRC Ol~fNl1'£ ON THII PO on. •WHlfit CONTRA ITC& "' TH l&..ACtC, ,,.., va.a..ow QlVttS THE MAXIMUM OlSffNCTION Wf1H 1'Ht MfNtMUM Of 8TUl!l9ANCt-. ~ /. lN M ATTDt,-f TO rUIITHll!J tMPROVI I.CQt I t&.f T'I 0¥11!t THAT o, THI Tl8T CKARTlt A YCfn SIIIPLE ANO Pt.AtN TYPlrAOI WAS IUIQISTlD IY THOSI QUIST I OlliO. THI DI STORTID f'fftlt UIID ON THI: CHART ARI QIHJC: CONrust-NQ,, THI I IS LARlll..Y 81:CAUSI or PIIIOMINIHT 11,urs AND .,........NCC:D P'0"'1•• (NOTI THI •E• ANO •1•, . , . ANO.,., • •o• AHO •c•. ttAQC 51) c. A. A1MCRTON, l'9J,fUC41.. AOVERl1' 81Nf.(GENl:flAI. Et..lC:ITRtO 1925), P. 1 • . M Rc,~so,JoN P&:RCtNTAQEs. '' F'VN2t•QU p, CQhPA QN SKtRWIN Wt&..1.IAMS PAINT COMPANY• • . . . . /. fto&IRT ;ftlCMAN, . Foor,• CONr •NO 811.ou,1, Loa ANG.it. cs• 0AL.I rORN 1 A !•Srltl, PP f!NOt X A - 59 - THC TYPES SlJQQISTEO ,on MAXIMUM L.EGlBtl..lTY W£R! THOSE \It THOUT 81:RU' AND Ol.091 TO THE ttQOTHt Olf ,AMU,.Y • TH£ TVPE,A QES CHf;OM~P roA PQ9St8L£ use: tN tHI -vst W£Rt News GqTtitO. FUTUAA, 00PPi,PI..AT£ GoTHtO; HCAD'-fNC GGTNfO; SANS S!fUt' (~41!:L), At.TI .. AT! QoTHtO ANE> TH! ,-fNAt. OHOIOI, GoTHIC, AANICl,fN At..'f'MOUQH lHtRE t 8 LfTTl.! Otrf"£:~tN01 IN Al.I. TH£ YERV PLAIN, SlMPt.E ,ORMS 1;.I STIOt THERI PROV ED TO Bt: A 8'.t GHT AOVANTAQ£ ,oA rRANKLl·N QoTHtC IN 1'HtS APPL.tCAffOH 9£0AU8t: or WE ·I IHT ANO SOM£ MINOR Rlf'fNIMl'.NTS tN P'ORM. TMtt 0HARAOTEfl9 WERE! H£AVV . I NOIJQH TO MAKE A Ve:RV Ot STt NOT Vt $V41. I PR£ SION, YCT TH! OtNTCRS or OlROU~AR LITT£R$ DID NOT Ct.OS£ UP. FRANKl.:IN GoTHIO WAS ESP~OtAL. l. Y QOOO WHEN "BAOK 1..f QHfEP 41 , A SUBJ E01' Ot 9CU99E0 •ON P•Q£ 59 0~ fHtl SCCTION. To PflOVC THAT THI rAQl'ORI .IIJSl OOV£R£Dt US£ o, A ' 9TANDA'G TVP!FACC• ~CtTER ARRANQEM~NT WHICH ~Q-£0 A WORD, ANO lltTlft COi.OR CONTRAfTS. 00 HAV..£ A ,AVO,._ A8t..C c,FCCT ON THC OPTICAL.. TEST f THE 1'01.LOWJNQ £>tPEFUMCNT WAS OONOUCT&O. ~ , . F'T'EEN P f!OPl.,I WIRI AMEFHCAN 0p T t0AL COMPANY, TES T CHART /I 19.3'7 • ,A PPENO! X A - 60 - £$T.A 8l..l SHU ) THtt R "' SUAI., L,EVttt.. A S DETERMfN EO av THE: SMAl.t.tST ROW OF LETTERS ON THE CHART W>UCH COUl..0 8£ RiCOQN t ZEO WI, TH QNI? £VE. AF TER TH .J S t. &VCL WAS tSTAll..fSH£0, A TEST WAS MAO£ UStNQ A WtL~ KNOWN WORP P Rt NTE D I N ~OTHIC o, A ALLO Sf Z&: THAN THA"f WW I CH OORRIC SPONDEO TO THE t R RA T f Ml• fN EVCRV 0A$£t TH! PERSON was AB&..£ TO REAO THE wo~o WI TH L.£98 &:F oar THAN THa: 1 IUH Vt 01.•~L TtST 1.E:T &:RS• WHIN USJNQ 90TK EV£S,AN0 A 00&.0~ COM91NATfON OV 8LA0k QN YELLOW, A $MAl.&.IR fYPl WAS RECOGH &ZED. woao o, STU.L. THI & PRGPORl lONATC OCCRCASI IN SI %1 ltl:SU'-'.J tNe rROU TME AOYANTAQ£ OtSCUSSEO WAI AVSRAGCO A? APPROXtMATl~V 25~, TH£ ,r,t cr f NOi OATCD THA'r L ET1 £RS OF' A SMALL.ER S I tE THAN 1. 65 OOU LO Bt USED tN TH£ VSI TH£ "-lQl8fL.lf¥. BA9f 9 Wt THOUT R£C>UC f NI THt ,tNAli. OHOl0£ WAS MAO£ ON THI o, THIS tXPlfUMCNT ANO THE LITT CR MUGHT WAI IEJ AT 1 .2!) INCINII. (1.e5 X ?5f) HAvt NQ ISTA81. t SHl:0 THI OTKER rACTOR8, TH ER I WAI TH E I.AST fTl;M ,tllAROINQ fl,.l..UIONATtON WHICH HAO TO ac $0l.Vl0, . THO\£ WAS SOI.ti QV.E STI ON o, THC COMl>AIIATI VE AOVAN At.ts S£TW£EN LIQH T f ' Q AN OPA QUt PfH, - tCD SURf'AOE f"'~OU nu: F"RONT ANO •aACI< t..tQHTINQ .. A TRAH9'-U0£NT 9Cftt£N. THI: 80UR011 QUl!TICN 10 ON THIS POINT WC:RE "OT COMPl.,ETCLY tN ACCORD AL1'HOUCIH THCIIC WAI A SMAl;,L. MA4'0RITY IN ,AVOR o, TRANSMffT&O t.llHt GVIR 11c,1..( GfCD l.tGHJ. THE £XPCRJMENT MAGE fO 0£1'1:Ml NI ' " ' 8 ,ACTOR OU> NOT ltROVC OONC&.us1·v1 acCAU81 AOEQUATC U.LUMtNATtOM COUL.0 et ICCUREt> . , It TKIR MITHOO. StlUPS WEAi LEJTERCD Ofi CAROIOAaO AttO TRACt:NI O\.Oltt, UltNQ THE SAMt: WORD, AC.PHAICT 1111 ... ., 00&.0R COMltMATION. THC ONLY •ceua., OllAWN r110M THCIC C>CPIRUIINT8 WAI TH'AT II.ACK ON YCI.I.OW SIIMID A IITTCft. COl.,Of'I .AfUlANeCMINT 11.AOJC.. HOWCYlflt ., 81NOC TMAH Yll.&..OW ON t T WAI A OC919N AOVANTA81 TO MAICI THC UNIT COMP&.£r,e.v . ,.. ,.OONTAINCD IY .. , IH:Ttt•G ,110M THC ·••toe, IT ••• 010,010 TO USC ·••ote LIIHTINe•. '°" To OCTIMltN' THI: PROPIIII 1,.IYCI. or ti.LUM fNATION ' " ' OUflTAtN' • •MUQH• vst WAS MADE P'IIOM A If JC. A IAMP&..I LETfltttO STftf P WAS fll&.,AOIO fN AN OPINING IN ONI ,,.c, ANO VAfUOUI .....,., .... AIIRAN.Dl[N,1 ,oa 12 YOLJ GPI.. AffON WIRI TfllCO tNltOI. 80UROI o, A IINOI..I as ....... , POWCR WAI UIIO ,, J!l8T, THt I ••• ,ouNO UNIAttlrAOTORY IIOAUIS o, tNflNII HtAt ANO LltNT OONOIHTRAT ION• THI NIX1' ATTIMIIITI Wlflll ·••uo~• OOMIINA?IGNI or SMALl.l:flt 9ULB8. , •• THISC TCITI, THREE ANO IIVEN OANOt.E POWER &,. I QHfl WIRl PPENOCX A - e2 USED. A SAtt&rACTORY SOL.UTtON WA S THAEt or THC • 6 .. 12 VOi. T • Ttuu:c CANO&..E POWIR 168 MAZDA LAMPS 8PACCO ACROSS THI: CURTAIN A80UT IT. 5 &NCH£& 81:HINO THISC IMAI..I.. l.f,QHTS IAVE AOCQUATI: Dt 8P£R8t0N ANO o,,., ..,o Aaioa..ur,~ V NO PRO$l.l:M o, HIAT ot ISi• PATtON. MTIR OONTINUID use THIY WIRC NOT too HOT TO TOVOH NOit Ot 0 THtV ICCU TO HAVC ANY 01:TRtMCNTAL. c,,cor ON ' " ' "CURTAfN tt WAJEfU AL. SUMMARY IN CONCI.VltOM, TNC P:Ol,.1..0WtNta ,u:eua. ,. WERI OCTCR• lUNIO 9'11.A IIDfNI THC ,AOTOftl CONltOlftCO PUtTtNINT TO t..auau.t ,, , LETTER Ht:tCIHT - 1.25 l·NONII AL.PHAIIT Co&.0111 • • • FflAJOO.UC QoTMIC, ITANOARO WCtQMT AND IPACtNQ WHlflCVIA POIStll.l • • • ... BLACK 1.ETTIRI ON YELLOW 9ACKIIIOUNO lLLUMfNATtON • •BACK L.IQHTCD• TRANSLUCENT CUIIIT A IN . HCNfltlTTA JOMNSON • • M.O., SCVCNTEtH VJARI, L. L. He:N RV. .PMoncuua o,utrHAl.,1101.0QIIT '?ASAr>lNA 1 CAt..tFOfiNIA M_o ., OP1\-1 $HAL..Mo1.oatst ANo ~v e PNv1,c1AN. PASAOCNA, 0Al..l'.ORNIA DAYtD w. 'b,JtNT, CAt..tl'ORHtA M.O., 0PTOIIITRIIT, LOS ANac1.11, flt08E~T FFlltE:MAN, ART Ot rii:OTO~, F"oOTt , CoNt ANO ICt.OIMI Aov,., •• ,NQ MJINCY, LOI ANQEl,.ES, OA&,U"ORNtA . WAJ'tO fUCHIV t MANAGCR, PftOOUCTtO• OtPARfMlNT, FOOTC, CON£ ANO ltL.DINGI AOVERTf SfNQ AQtNCY, Los AN0£t,. IS, OA1.t,oflNIA • JOHN BRCNNAII• AOVtRTt Sif!I CONSUi.TANT, AUTHOlll, •wow TO OCSIIIC PosTCRS", Agy15TtstM9 ANO SCl.t..lNI• (F'tlUlUARl' RESCOA, AA:t,oRNIA ,e,,). aoa Klt..lCl&.l.Y' SAit.ES MANAcac,-, ,ostlf, ANO .KL IISI" OUTDOOR AOV~ll1't IHUl COMPAN'f 1 LOI ANQ!t.lS, CAL.1,-0IUUA DAI.T 8t9HOP, ADYCRTI St ... MAYNAIIO SAL.ES.MANAGCR, eq.......,. 80YOl,1 PAci,,c 01.JTOOOA LOI ANtca.c,, CAa.t,oANtA lovce OAR CARO ADVIRTtl.l NQ COMPANY, LOI ANGIi.ES, \iiAl.f~OfltNIA . o, JCNI P. H. JCNION, 0,11110,q,t visUAt.. RESCAJICH; KIYSTONt VtlW 0oMPAN'f 1 MIAOVH,L.t, PENNSVt.VANtA, Aflll MAIL L,r,1a: AP ..... 11, 1949 . ,. IMst..ow, 1,,,,,. v,110111 l1f9ttrurc. NIW YOIUC, NC'II YO.ftlC LITTER ANO C~ART8: APtUI. INCOR-ORATEo, 15, 1941 0. ROICIITION~ SALIS MANAQUl 0PNYHA&..MIC EQUIPMINf • AMOltCAN OP.TJOAL COMPANY, Loe ANttl.CS, CA1;.1,ot1NfA APPENDIX 8 fNTROOUCfORY LETTE R AN O SURVE Y QUESTtONNAfR£ w RE S ENT OUT av THE AUTHOR I N AN ATTEMPT TO ESTAla L. t SH SOMt LEVEL. OF' lNTtRST I N THt 8 PROJECT • NC TO GET A MORE CLEAR PICTURE OF' TH[ PROBL e:M S t NV OI.V&:O. A OORE SS WERE tAKEN fROM. THE " MAS S TR A SPORTA TION Dt RECfORV, A COMPILATION or TRANSIT 00MPANttS THROUClHOUT THt NATION. AN ATTEMPT WAS MAOE TO 8PFttAO THE SURVEY OVER A l'AI.RL.Y R!PR£., SENTATIYI ARE:A. To .tNSUAf! 'A rAtR OR09S-S£:CTtON , TRA SlT Lt N~S W£R£ CONTAOTEO OPtRATiNQ AS LOW A.9 50 VEH ICL ES, ANO NEW YORK WAI CHOSEN AS THE U~ TIMAT£ ON THE H11H SIDE. THI WRtTIA SUPP~IM£NT£0 THIS SURVEY WITH MANV . VISITS TO TRANStT LI NE S OPI RATfNQ IN THIS AREA• THCRI Wt:Rt PERSONAL. Ot 80U9Sf0NS WI TH MANAGERS, TRAr,.,o MEN AND AfNTENANOE FOREMEN o,,,c,a. WORl(lf WA$ Al.SO OONe: ON BUSES ' " It,.. 11.0 OP£AATION ON REG.UL.AA SCHtDUl..£1. t N S[VtftAL A QAJAT OIAI.. 01' lNfOIIUATfON WAS 08TAfNCO WHII.. £ TAI.ICING WtTH JKC OPERA101118 AS THIY DROVI. VSl Tttt 1 NOt 0£NT9 WHICH TH£ SHOULO HCl,.P TO ELtMtNATC W£RE OONSTANTI.Y AR I llNI. THt S I N,-ORMAT I ON WAS Ntl.P,-UL. IN COMPI. tf I NCI • 65 THI OlltlN RIQUtREMENTS AN0 IN INTERPRCTINQ THI RESULTS o, THC QUI ST I ONNA t RES. St NCE THERE AS N O AP PA RtN T CORRELATtON 8 1!: TWEEN HE SI ZE OR LOCAT ION or TH! OOM ANY AND THtfR RE PL I ES, NO A TTEMPT WAS MADt TO DISTfNQUf8H t ND f I OUAL RESULT S . ADORE AL T~:CUCU't ALL R ~QUfS1'8 "IRC £0 TO PR ES IDENTS 0~ THt VARfOUS _OOMPAN.IS, RET URNS ~ ERE RIOCIV[O l"AOM _SECR[TARttS, ,GENERAL MAN AGER S, T~Arrro MANAQ!RS, WAINTENANOE, SUPCR• INTE DEN T~ ANO P URCHASING A9ENTS. TH£ 87 rORM8 Hf OH WEA£ R!TURN E0 WtRE AVIRAGID AND TA9ULATE0 t N TH E SAMPL E ,-OIIIM WHtOH l"OL\..OWS. fN AOOll'tON t TH£RE f S A SUMMARY OF' p g ptTtNENT COMMl:NT9 WHtOH AO COMPA t!D VA RtOUS ANSWERS TO THI QUISTIONNAtRI AND tN THISI THIRt HAS ICEN MADE MENTION o, THCIR SOURCE. THl9t RIPLf 18 ltEPRl:SENT A 74f USEl"UI. RltTUftN WHtCH IS AN EXCEPTIONAi.LY HIQH P'tQURI. • es OALIFORNtA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA 4 NAM! 0~ PRE$t0£NT TRANSi T Lt NC AODR!99 MY PUflPOSt IN IVfUT·tNQ IS TO REQUEST fN,-ORMATICJII ASSISTANOC IN THt D£9jQN OF' A UNtT StMt~AR TO TM£ SK[fCfi tNCt..OSED. I AM AT PRESENT COMPLETING fH! R£QU I IICM .£ Hf S ,-0111 A OUIRIE IN THE GRAOUA 1£ c.OHOOL fNDUSTRtAL 0£9tQN AT THI CAt.f ,.OfllNIA INSTt TUTI OF' TIOHHOI.OIY ANO THC PROJ ICT I HAVt OHOSIH FOIi MY THE StS WQRI( f S ASSOOt ATED WI TM o, o, VARIOUS MEANS or PUBLtO TRANSPORTA T tON , SOME o, WH tOH AR' UTtl..tlEO tN YOUR CtTV. o, THUS.FAR, tN THE 1..IQHf MV tNVt:STIQATION WITH THC TRANSPOR TATtON COMPANtllL- IN THC t..os AA~EI..ES AREA I f HAVC 81!:CN ...... , TO roRMULATI TH£ 8A~H $ roR OES~QN A UNIT WHIOH WtL.l.. VIIUAl..1..Y NOTIP'Y PASSE"~IRS fHt N€XT STOP TO 81: MAPE. IN MV OPtNlON, SUCH AN IN STAL.1..ATtGN WOUL.0 at.AN AID TO TRAVl&.IRS WHIR' NO OPER.4 TOA IS AVAi LA BI..I T O ANSWCfl QUISTION9 AND IT WOUL.0 REl.f!VE DRIVERS, WHERE THEY ARE ACCtSSI It.I• o, MUOH OP' . Tt-1£f R t,,oRf ANO Ot STRACTlON. THE PRESENT APPJIOACH WOUl.D tMOL.UOI MAPS tN A "PICK UP 11 DI SPtNSER WHICH WOULO QRAPMI• OAI.LV f'-l.USTftATE THE ROUTC ANO STOPS MAO£ .9 V THAT PAflTI CUL.AR VltlO Cl.I. 00NSI OERAT t ON t S 8Et NQ C:U VIN o, or TO THE PLAN OV HAVtN, GENERAL. •NETWORM" MAPS ON ON t Sf DC or TH( SHEETS ANO tNOt Vt DUAL. "ROUTt 11 MAPS ON THE RtVERS! 810£. WtTH THE UNIT ANO TH£ MAPS 9 PA88£NGl£R8 COWL.0 ANIWIR MOST THIUt TRAVlt.. QUISTIONS ,oR fHEMIEL.Vl9. o, THC QCNtRAL. Ot::90RtPTtON ANO OPERATION o, THI UNt1' ti SHOWN ISL.OW THI SKETCH fL.~USTRATtON INO~OSEO. THClltt: ARI SIVERAL IAStC CONfHOCIIATtONS tN THI DISH~H AS I NOW CON T £MP I. AT£ tT. I HA VE l. ,J STEO StV t RAL PO f NT S WH I CH Wt l.L s: r r t OT THE f"tNA'-, 90LU• ION . 8 EARl NG tN ~ fNO TH AT TH£j£ UNITS AY 1£ &NSTAl.1.1:Q IN °81i1SE$, !TRtET CARS, SUBWAY$ AND £t:t• T • D THA 1 NS , I WOU L D CRE ATL. V APP R ECI A TE YO UR OPINIOIUt, COMMtNT• BOT" CIUTtOAI. ANO OTHIRWtSi, WH l OH Wll.1. B E OF' VAL UE HI MV TH ES I S RESEARCti . I AM SURE THA IT f8 Cl.CAR TH AT NO OSLfQATIO tS tNVCLVEO. TH£ ASStQNMENT f S PURQ.Y AC•o1u,.0 ANO i NF' OHM A TION f'RO~ TH OSE 0r YOU I N CL O t CON TACT WtTH TH£ PJltOBLSM wu.t.. HELP TO MAl(E MV SOI..UTtON AS PR AC TI CA L AS IT MIG H T P-0S Sl8LV BE . TH NK YOU ro R Y OUR COOP IS:RA T. ON ANO ASS I STANCE . LtO WOt..r • IN OU 8TR t Al. tStQN Ster I ON - 68 - QUESTIONNAIRE ILLUSTRATIONS - COLORAOO~ ♦ GACSN -;- -- ---- I I • •1 :OT&UBl!'.N i i • BLl.5 I -tr 1r ... I ...I l 1rl l ~ ROUTE - STOPS MARKEO B'i • - P- I QUR£ 17 - ._ ..,, 69 - GENERAL ogscRtPTlqN tNDtOATE S TH A uNtr wHtoH v,suA~~v NEXT STOP TO BE MADf. NAME or TH£ STOP fS Ae'. AO OIRtQT~Y ,ffo• RO~~IRS o, PAPCR OR O~OYH. TH AOLL 0AN 8! £A I LV R £MOV f:D AND CHANQt O VISUAL Ai0 - AI.L.OWfNQ ,-OR V£Ht0L.E9 WHt CH 00 NOT TRAVEL. t D NTf CAL RO res tVtRV DAY. CONTROL - MANU AL OP£RAT t ON BY A BU TTON ON Oft NEAR 'fMI: DOOR CONTRCU.. HANOt..t:. P09St8LV AU TOMATJC CONTROL fl"J;O~ TRACI< OR TAOLLl!V ON tl>CIO f .R AVIL. VCHIOl,.tS SUOM AS STRtt:T CA ~ St UBWAYS Oft £LEVA T£0 TR AINS~ POWER - PROBABt. V Et..EOTfUC , POSSf BL V At R. OESCR JPTIQN ... PROBA81. V DRAWN Mt'fAL OASE ABOUT 10 :I NCHES Mt GH :t 36 aNCHl'.S 1.0W!IG ANO INOH £.S C>EEP. MOUNT I NG OAM 9£ A DAPT£0 rollt INSTAl.l.-ATtONB • o,,,.,.,.. ,. .Q.,Uf; Tl ON§ ( NOTE i SUMMAflY Of" COMttENTS WHfCH ,01.1..ow TMtS 91CTION ts l(EYl:O TO TH tSE QUEST I ON 8 ) or THt p .£J.iCENT !1.. WH AT f S '¥'OUR EST tMATE 2. 00 OP£RATOAB A~O tMPL.OVC£i HAVE TI ME o, PASSENQER$ TRAVII. INQ UNY AIU 1.l 4fl ROVTl!lt TO ANSWC" fRAVlL QUtSTfONS SATISfAOTORtt..V UNOCA NORMAi,,. TRA,-rfO OONO,tTIONl'f , • • • • UN 01!:R RU SH HOU.II COHO ♦ T t ON St • • • , • • • • • • :H::::!l: 3~ J 9 PASSE:NQEII QUfl:STf ONf NG CON SJ Of;REG AN APPA£Cl.A8l. t ·SOUROE OF" Ot STUR8AN01'. AND Of STRAOT t ON tO OPlRA'f.OlllSf • • • • • • , , • • 4. • • • • • • • • • rt NO aT Hlt.Pf'UL Y • • • • • • • ., • • * WH IRt TOTAl.9 DO NOT AOO TO 67, SOMI QU£9TtONNAUlt8 HAO NO COMMENT ON THAT PARTtCUt..Afl POINT. VES ""io HAYI VOU 1'Rt ED ,-4..ACUNt •NlfWO:fltK• OR •11ou,c• ...... Olt VEMICt.t•T • Ot O YOU ~ 39 IS - 70 - 5• 1 0UL APPEN IX 8 TH E C MB t NAT ION Of MAP S ANO A U~tT 9tMtLAR TO lHE S"ETOH A80V£ ANSWER MANY o, TE P 6. NI T SE ERS' TR VE~ QU ESTION t .. • • IN YOUR OPINION, 8A9CO ON CXPUUENCE ou~o £LE TR ICJ TV 8 OTH E~ AO C~ 9SORI E , A 9!TTIR POWER SOURQI THAN AUi ,-Oft A UNIT ~CHA T JS? • • • • • • • ■ • • • • , • ■ 7. ~~AT fS THE 4AXiMUM NW 8£R OV ST P S WHICH WOULD MAV£ TO BE L19T 0 ON A ROLL fN SCH UN J T? • • • • • ■ •• • ■ •• ■ • •• Q ROLLS V RI E~tf NQ NE $T P 0 MAtU NQ ROUTI CHANQ £S AH tMPO,R TANT 0~ 81 OtAT I ON ? • • • • • • • • ■ • ·• • • • • • • • • AV Q : MAX 136 VII 49 70 PL JOI :Ro n 8. WOU LD ORIV £RS 09JEOT TO PUSH I N8 A BUTTON ON OR NEAR TH E DOOR OONTAOI.. HANDLE .VIH 0 11 WOU!.. O OHANOE THE 11 N IX T Sf()pR OF THE VSf 7 ' NOTE I SUMMARY BELOW ) 9. fS tNCORPORATt NG A TONE: CHI ME TO ~OQU$ ATTIN TfON ON £AON NAM£ OHANQI AN £ SSENT AL OON810£RATJON ? • • • • • • • • • • 10. 'OULQ i 100.00 , AS A CON S ERV T ¼V! EST lMATI OF COST PER VEHICLE UNtT SE AN AOC t PTAe~r PfttCE? • • • • • • • • • • ■ .'., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J,- NOT, . HAT OUl..0 VO!Jft . '1 . • • • OP' WORTH £ ST tMAT£ .• • • WOUl.0 AN AOV£RTI 8tNQ Tt£•1N Wt TH t..OCA~ aust e:s, WHIOH WOU L . HEt..P OEFRAY TH£ £XPtN8£ or 1Htl AODfTI ON A~ 8£RVtC£ 8 E A WO RTH WHlL£ CONSf0E~ATfON'I * Vgs • • • ••• • • .. - Yts NO 4 !5: SOM£ WHO AN8WEREO ltNo '' TO TH£ rt RST PART or QUIST fON 1.0 WROTI: IN l'lQURC8 MUON HfQHCR THAN $100 . 00 . (1) AMER t O A N TRANSft AISOCtAtlON, N!W Y O R K , NEW VOfllK ltfHC P CRCS:NTAG!'. o, PA9S£NQIRS ON UN,AMU.. IA t NOT 00 T NT TH ROUGHOUT TH S: O.\V. OtJIIII N ftOUTtS ~US H HOURS THE f'H.IUfU: ts SMALt.. OU£ TO TN£ LAIIQI.NUM9!1!t OF" COM. UT O s . HmiavtR, OUAJNG TH£ ~0-NlNG, AF"l"ER- NOON ANO £VENtN$9• THE FfQURE 19 rAA ASOV~ THE OAIL.V AV!tRAQt.tf (2) OtPAfU'M!:Nf o, 8TfUt:C1' ftAft..WAVS, OtTV o,- Of:TROfT t M JOH HA PRQBLtM WHICH MU SES HERE IS THE ,-AO r THAT SOM£ OP AAT ORq HAVE TO 0AtV! ON ROUTES WHJOH TH£V 00 NOT KNOW • e t..t.. !:NOUQH 10 OAt.r... OR Q t v c tN,ORMATtoN ON ALL STOPS.• (3) PASAD£NA CITY 11 ALTMOUIH Lp,u:s, PASADENA, CAt.,.tF"OANIA If t S Al.MOST l~POIIU8L.I TO A90ERTAtN THAT 01 STRACTf ON U TO - /\NV VA FH E OIJTI es f1AS A OETR•MENTAL. .:,,iar ON o,u~tRS, lT ~s MV OPl;NfON THAT THEIi DISTR AOT I ONS R MANY Tt MES PARTIALLY Rl8PON $ t8LE roR A0Ct0£Nl'S. THtS, HOWl?VftR , 13 Al.MOST fMPOSSIBL.E TO PROVE 8£0AUSt AOCtOENTS OY THtS TYPE QO A QAfNST THC OR IVtR' S REOO O AN~ TH£V W&L.L TRV TO AVOIO SUCH AN (♦) ENTRY tF' AT AL.I.. POSSfBt.t." IN Ot fi AP0Lt9 AtL. WAVS fNC., I NOtAN•POL.tS, IND IANA • MAPS HAVE 8£tN AN IXTfll[M!LV 1:,,c0Ttv£ Mt THOO roR cuv .t NQ t FORMATION TO PAS9tNEU:~,. TH£ U8L.tC HAS BEEN VERY P ~R[CIATlVE o, THIS EKTRA H!~P ANO SERVfOt.• OM AHA ANO COIJNOt t.. Bt.Uf'P'S STAltT RA t t..WA V, OMAHA, N t:8 • •MAPS ARI VtAY Ht~P,UL. Ot SSEMtNATfN.Q tNf'Ol!lMATtON TH~Y PLAY A QRtATEA PART IN THAN ANY OTH£Pl M!AN!! THAT Wt HAVI TRtro.• * THEIi OOMMEN Tit WHt OH flE,e:R OIRIOTt.Y TO THC PRIVtOUS QUl9TfON9, IS KIVEO WITH 1'HEIII 8AMI NUMBER. 11 .. T2 • (5) QCORGtA POWCR COMPANY• ATI..ANTA ., GEORIIA •vouR UNIT AS OIICfttBEO WOULD ANSWER MANY 0~ THC PAIIENGl:111 1 TRAVEi. QUl9Tt•ON9 ., HOWEVER, THERE WOU L O STtL.L BE QUCITtONINQ Or DfUVCRS IN SOME CASIS.• (T) Mtl.WAUKII. ELIOTRf O ftAI LWAV ANO TRANSPORT COMPANY, MILWAUKEI, WtlOONSIN *ROI.LI WOULD HAYE TO Bl I..Al!III AND CUMaEIIIIONI IN 110 OITl·II. l'HtS SYSTEM IS OE,.INITILV MOST PRACTICAL IN SMAl.,1. ANO MCDf UM SIZE OPIRATIONI. • UNITCO ELCOTftlC RAILWAY CoMPANY 9 PROVtOENCI, R.I. •t~ lltO~LS AR£ AS LARII AS THOII UIIO NOW IN THI OISTtNATION SIQNS, THE uror WOULD HAVE TO I I QUtTI I.ARIE ANO CHANGING THIM WOULD IE A VERY Olrt,Nf. TE RlltSTANOC POINT. THIS METHOD or OHANQINQ MUST THIN NEOIISARILY IC ltMPLl,.110 TO ALLOW roR SEVERAL OHANIII WHII.I THI aue t i tN OPIRATION.• (8) PORTLAND TRACT I ON COMPANY ., PORTLAND• O"ECION •coMPLETtLY AUTOMATIC TtMINI OR CONTROL HAS PROVEN COSTLY AND INIP'tlCTIVE IN ATTEMPTS AT UNITS o, THIS TVPt:. 1 BOARD o, TRANSPORTATION o, Ct TY o, NEW YORK, NEW YORK •AuTOMATtO CONTROL ,oR STOPS ,ROM THI TROLLEY WAS OON8tD£RIO HtRI ANO IIIU~tD OUT Al IMPRACTICAL.• DEPARTMENT o, STRltT RAILWAYS, CJTY 0,. DETROIT, MtCM. •ORtVERI WILL OtrtNITELY 09JIOT UNLESS IT IS PROVEN TO THEM Wt TKOUT A oou•T THAT THI s ADDI Tl ONAL DUTY WILi. IIMPLt,v THEIR Joas.• APPINOI Jt (11) 9 0MAl1A .AMD COUNCIL 8LUY,e STRICT RAIL.WAYS COMPANY, OMAHA, NEIRAIKA •AovtRTISINI WOULO RISUL.T IN SOM£ OEF'RAYMtNT OP' E~~INltl BUT WOULD ENTAIi. AN AODIO TROUBLE WITH ADVERrt 8tNQ CUITOUIIIIS,. IT •OUI..D ALSO OETAACl THI: OFIIQfNAL. PURPOSE 01' TH£ UNIT.• '"°" PUIL. IC SEIIV IC a: COMPANY. s,. Lou •• ' MO. "'' ti THE ,ccLtNQ THAT AOVtRTl9.NQ ON &USES HAI tlUST ABOUT RIACHCD THI SATUfllATfON POINT. THI ULTIMATI o, tXPLOtTATtON IS THI LATEST AOOITtON o, MDtO ANO IPIOIAL lfltQADOAITS TO THI YIHJOLIS,• (A) 0APtTOt. TRANSi, T 00M9tAt.V, WASHtNQTON • O.C • • •we ,111. THAT AN ,,,coTIYI WAY o, ANNOUNCING STOPI t I UIPORTANY. IT WOULD NOT MI.Y ., 0 THE PASS1Ner,u1 AHO AEDUCt OOMPLAINTS, IUT IT ALtO AIDS THI OPIRATOR IN AVOIOtNI Cl&.AVS tN MOYfNQ HtS VIHtCLI. THIS • WOULD StRVI TO MAKI tT MUOM IAIIIR TO MAINTAIN TN.f-. tMP·OATANf IOHCOUL.lle" (e) DIPARTMINT Q.f" STRICT RAf\.WAYI• •A UNIT t.llCI THIS CtT't' o, De:TROIT 1 MtC~. WOUL.0 riAVI OONSfOIRABLE IIIOCR APPlAL ANO MAY HAVE SOMt 8ENC,tTS tN INORIASINI fliATRONAtl. 1 (c) 4 0MAMA ANO OOWNOU. OMAHA, NcattAIKA 81.u,,a STRICT RAIi.WAY CoMPANY, or CONTROL SHOULD •~LOW roR tNTEMttTTtNT ~IXPRIII ~ 0~ t ~CCAL 1 OPERATION.• 1 THI MITMOO (D) PNl&.AOILPHtA TRANSIT COMPANY, PHtt,.AOCLPHtA, PINN. "MOUNTING IN Otl"!"ERtNT T't'PtS o, VtHtOL.ES SHOULD 01,1NtTILY Bt TAKEN INTO CONtlDERATION.• • 74 ... (£ ) AltPINOIJC 8 TWJN CtTY ftAPIO TRANSl' T 00Mfl>ANV, M•NNtAPOt.llt MtNN. •THE ROLL MAl'EflltA&. U9t0 IN YOUft UNIT MU9T STANO UP UHOIR ABUSIVE WEAR. n (,) New 0R,li;,IAN8. PUBLIC S'E~VtCE 0oMPANY, NEW 0,1.EANS, LA. •A sucocse,ut. 901.UYION. Al.THOUQM WORTHWHILE, WOUL D 81 MUCH TOO COSTLY.• (I) 8tAMtN.QHAM EL£0 TR IO COMPANY, 8HlMlNCH AM, ALABAMA •THIS IS AN IMP098t8L£ PR081i.tM -;' " - 75A - ... ... Pl Cl) ,, ► ,. z "O ► :D 0 ... 0 (I) ► C C ... I ;o ► z r "'I Pl 0 0 z -t ;u 0 r0 ;o 0 C ... - F'IQURE 18 - APPENDIX 0 CONTROL CtRCUtT AND QUftTAIN Lt,t TEST rtGURE 15 ts A Pf0TU~£ OF THE TEST APPARATUS USED TO OCT!RIU Nt WHl!:THtA THE CONTROL Of FtCUt-T AS OIStQNCD ,o .. THE vst .ULD f"UNOTION Pl'lOPEttl..Y. THE TEST SltT•UP CONSI ST S OF' AN ALUMI NUM TU B E MOUNTED ON WOOD WfTH A TRt P 0,. TH E "CURTAIN" MATERIAL O!M£NTl:O AR,OUN .D IT. WHtCH W:I LI. STRIP. A P£f!t,.ORATfON L.fK£ THE ONES ee: fN THI: ACTUAL ROLL. WAS MADI uf TH18 UStNQ A ICRIIS CtROUtf 0~ 110 VOLTS, 'A BRUSH WA S P~A.C t0 AGAINST THE TUBE WHERE l T WAS NOT COVCAED ANO A SECOND IRUSH WAS PL.ACCO 90 THAT IT wou~o RUN ON THE MATERIAL ANO HIT TM£ ~IRFORATION AS TH£ JU&[ R£VO~V£0. FROM THIS BftUSH, A CONNEC- TION WAS MAOC THROUGH A 60 WATT BULB ANO BACK TO THE CfJ!tOUf T GROUND WHIOH COMP'-ETIO TH£ 8VSTtM. HtN TH£ TUI£ WAS TURN [O SLOWt.V I THt Ot RCUt T WAS COlfPl.ETCO AS TH£ 9RU8" CAME TO THI PERP'ORATION. THE [SULTtN& ,Low o, CURRENT MAO£ TH£ LfGIHT QO ON• THI ON&. V PROSLEM WAS Tl1t AftOI NQ WH I OH OCCUftRIO AS TH£ Cl AOUI T WAS 8 ftOK£N av TH£ OTHER ltDE or THI PEM'ORATtON. ALTH(?UQK TMII o,,,,cu&..TY 010 tXtlT tN THE TCST APPAfllATUI ., t T WOULD NOT OCCUR tN THE VSI • ~PPtNOt X - 78 THI 81JS ltfrE:O'fRtOAL SYSTCM IS ONLY 12 VOL.TS. THE RELAV , WH t OH ts CONTROLt.e:o B V THIS C At.rlO, ClfltCVtf, HAS AN tMPUL.91! OPIRATf ON WHt CH 811CAl<ES TH£ Pl.OW 0,- CURRINT AS SOON AS TH£ ACTUATtON oec~Rs.* BCOAUS« o, THtS rtATURt IN THC ~£L AY, ANY ARCtNQ -.tOt,t MIGHT OCCUR WOUL.C'I TAKE PL.ACE AT TH! REI.AV POINTS AN8 NOT Al THI OURTA&N., o, tH AOOftlON TO TtST~NQ TH£ ACTUAi. OPIRATtON THC CONfftOL QHtOUtT; TMUtl: WAS 90MC QUESTION CONCIIINtNQ THI WEAR Or' OUflTAtN MATl:FUAt... *1 J'lt:t.E:ftllt flUNNtNQ ON TH~ I,- THERE WAS SUCH A Pllt081.EM • . tT WOULD 81 NtCISSARY TO INCORPORATE SOME TYPE 0,. flltOl.L!tl TO MAKI THf9 CONTACT. A &RUSH, KOWIVER. WOYLO MAKI A MUCH fllMPl..~f.l SOLUTION. TMt LATHI, CVIN ON ITS SLOWtST SPEIO, MAD£ T"C 1101.t.. JRAV(I.. ltUON ,-ASTIR THAN tT WOIJLO IVlf.'t 00 tN THI vst. ACTUALl,.Y '"N 0111 TWILV£ TRIPS Plft PIPUOO WOUL.O . , CHOUGH TO OUPt,.tCATI ON A cou.-AIIATIVILY IHORT ROUTI. 24 HOUII aus OPIRATt ON THt 9 MEANS THAT f!VIRY TUil fl11 TIST STIUP MAO~ 24 RtVOLUTtONI ( THROUQH nu: vst ANO tit-wt NO) ♦ ' ' EQUAl.t..1:1? ONI: DAY or O_.ERATtON. MORI THAN ON THI SLOWEST 1.ATNI SPEED, tT WAI 40 MINUT&I IE,-ORt THI MATIRtAf. BIQAN TO * NOTC Rc,cRCNCE SECTION, P. 48, ITEM 4. APP£NO IX - 11 - 0 tAA APPR tOIAIL,V WHE:RE TH!: "P'££1.1Rtt WAS TOUCHING tT . ANO THER 14 MJHUTES £LAPSED 9£FOR£ THE STAfP !JOULD NO LONGER JNTERRU P T Tti[ OURRCNT., THESE TfMES, WHEN CONVERTED fO NORMA~ OPERATION WOULD., A~M09T rou~ YEA•s or CONTINUA~ OPIRATtON. St NO!: THEA! '~ SOME ooueT WH!TH!!lt THE !NT f R! OURTAIN WOtJ ... 0 St S!:RVfO!:ABLI ,-OR A LOHGl!PI P!:RtOO, THt TtST tNDtCATES AN AMPLt Ltrc. tr TH£ OURfAtN f! ' R$ OUT ONLY Al.ONG TH&: 00N TROI. EDGC, THI$ PAR1' COULD I t CUT OF'P AND REPLACED BY 91tWt NQ A NltW 9TIU P 0,- PERF'ORATtONS 1N tT9 PL.ACE. THtS PROO SS OF' S·EWINQ 19 U StC> IN ANY tVtNT WH£Rlt SOM! OHANCU; MUST Bt MAD~ tN A AOL~. APPENDIX D Co T ESTIMAf t A COST ANAVt..91 S AN O ES T I MA TE DON E WI THOUT ICNOWL. f:0QE OY THE MANUrACTURtNQ PLAN Oft OF' PLANT ,-AOf LI Tf £9 OAN ON~V BE A VERY ROUGH APPROXIMATION. IT tS WtTM 1Ht9 :REAL.tZAffON THAT THE F'Ol,.LQWINQ COST 8R£Al<OOWN IS t N SEAT E:D . nu: PURPOSE 1 9 TO tNDf CATt THAT THE VINAL. DESI QN HAS 9££:N ACOOMPLI SHt:f) Wt THf N A P•UOC 8RACKIT -.tOH. WU.L SATt s,v. THE POTENTIAi;. MA RK ! T. (SE£ APP . B, QU£STtON 10, P. 70) THIS ESTJM AT~ lS OONE THI BASfS or AN fNt T tA~ PROOUOTfON ~UN OF 500 UNITS. PURCHASED PARTS MOTOI; EMC, MOOCL 11-A Wt TN MAGNETIC 8RAJCC, QOVIFtNOR ANO A-5 IEAR RCDUCTI ON. PUflCN~SID Al A UN IT • . • • • • • • • • • $ 11 • 50 ,ftc5=1·v •. ADVAlllfOI RtLAY, Mooa:1. 605-8 • • 2.80 PULL£¥• Fl!ltE-WHEt:t.. f NG CI..UTCH (2 tlQO) • 1 .76 Pu1.~r:t, 0,uv1 (2 ftQO) • • • • • • • • • .32 ~fOHTJ, 168 MAZDA/SOCKET (3 RQO) • • • .42 8tt.tt , , NEOPfllNI 11 Q1t RINI (2 lltQ~} • • • ,()8 *PllttNf, 3/32 tf11~, 0~08£0 CN09, • .ae 1; X 2f LONQ (2 RQO). .20 \, OO~PRESSION, ~ fURNS ,Hf NG~~ ALUMINUM, (2 RQO) • • .. 79 .. ,~,PPe:N D IX GEAR f NGS, 3/ 16 STi EL . BALL (1 2 R4 0). 3/1 3 RU SHi S( ~OA • • •• • • • • .ti nH ! 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BAR STOCK, J 1i¢/ YT. ~4 RQD) SHA'.:.!..,_Gfil.Dt 8¢ 7FT. {4 RQD .24 ••.• Ro• LER , 1/4 " STEEL ROD , •• • • • •• • • • • • . 06 29.94