A Preliminary Investigation of Rivets and Riveted Joints in Metal Airplane Construction Citation Magden, John Leslie (1934) A Preliminary Investigation of Rivets and Riveted Joints in Metal Airplane Construction. Master's thesis, California Institute of Technology. doi:10.7907/MWT3-P557. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-07172007-081411 Abstract No abstract. Item Type: Thesis (Master's thesis) Subject Keywords: Aeronautics Degree Grantor: California Institute of Technology Division: Engineering and Applied Science Major Option: Aeronautics Thesis Availability: Public (worldwide access) Research Advisor(s): Klein, Arthur Louis (advisor) Sechler, Ernest Edwin (advisor) Group: GALCIT Thesis Committee: Unknown, Unknown Defense Date: 1 January 1934 Record Number: CaltechETD:etd-07172007-081411 Persistent URL: https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-07172007-081411 DOI: 10.7907/MWT3-P557 Default Usage Policy: No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided. ID Code: 2907 Collection: CaltechTHESIS Deposited By: Imported from ETD-db Deposited On: 02 Aug 2007 Last Modified: 03 Oct 2019 23:21 Thesis Files Preview PDF (Magden_jl_1934.pdf) - Final Version See Usage Policy. 5MB Repository Staff Only: item control page

A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF RIViTS AND RIVETED JOINTS IN MSTAL AIRPLANE CONSTRUCTION, Thesis by JOHN L. MAGDEN, In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California. Introduction This investigation of revets and riveted joints was started after studying the work done by Wilheim Pleines in Germany. The results of his research were translated in Technical Memorandums §96~7-8 and 9. His research on riveting in metal airplane construction was a very scientific study, and at first it was felt only neccessary to make a few tests in order to express his results in terms of the Dural and methods used in this country. However as the tests continued more and more questions came up until it became evident that the subject was worthy of further investigation, The contents of this report is confined to an investigation of the various factors affecting the shearing strength of rivets, the bearing and tearing strength of sheets, and in general the factors affecting the efficiency of the rivéted joint. However the cost of riveting and not the efficiency of the riveted joint, is used by the engineers as a crit- erian for design. The labor costs of riveted joints in modern metal airplane construction is of major importance, and any improvement in the efficiency of riveted joints that involves an increase in labor costs will probably not be used, The present practice is the use of a single riveted lap joint with a maximum efficiency of about 40 er 50 % rather than the use of a more expensive joint with higher efficiency, The tendency is to reduce the number of rivets used in the riveted joint to a minumum that will carry the designed load and still maintain the désired SpPpearence, Design rules for the spacing of rivets based both on economy and efficiency of the riveted joint would be of value to the engineer. However, design rules of this type would be a function of the riveting methods used. Any simplification of the riveting method would tolerate an increase in efficiency of the riveted joint. To formulate design rules of this type, however, would require more time and research than could be devoted to this report. Summary. In order that the results of these tests might be of the most practical value, the test specimens were made at the Douglas Company with the same material and methods used in present metal construction, The material used was e4srt sheet with 1l’st rivets except in a few svecimens that will be mentioned later, The first two test serles were désigned to determine the optimum edge distance and pitch in terms of the rivet diameter for a single riveted lap joint. The third test series was used to determine the ultimate bearing strength of 24srt sheet for various sheet thickness, Tests were made for both: lap and butt joints. The lap joint was tested for the fullowing tyve rivets.- i. Round head rivets. 2. Countersunk rivets. 3. 38 rivets with welded heads. Tests were also made showing the variation of bearing strength of the sheet in a lap joint with the head of the rivet. Test series No. 4 was devoted to the shear of rivets. An attempt was made to classify the following riveting methods by the shearing value of the driver rivet. 1, Hand Riveting. 2, Vibrators (Air Hummer). Se Pneumatic Squeezers. 4, Sninners. 5. One shot Gun. 6. Avtomatie Hiveter (Eecentric Press). These tests were made using a lap joint and covered the range of rivets from 3/32 “to 1/4" in diameter. Shearing tests were also made using countersunk rivets and 3s rivets with welded heads. Verious diameter of 17st revets were tested in double shear and a test was made showing the variation of shearing value versts sheet thickness for both single and double shear. Also the effect of faction upon the ultimate shearing value of rivets was determined. fest series No, 5 was used to deter:ine the shearing velue and malleability of 17st rivets for various times of ageing. Test series No. 6 gives the ultimate tensile strength of S4srt sheet for various thickness of sheet from .026 to .128". Test series Mo. 7 ---~ Because of some question as to the loud taken by rivets when placed in line a series of specimens were made up with the Humber of rivets in a line varying from 1 to 12. The specimens were tested for ultimate load. Test Series lio, 1 and 2 ( Edee distance} “he first two test serles were déstgned te determine the optirmm edge distones "e"® and "yr", (lef. pares 2,3495 ) in terms of the rivet diameter ICD EARS for a single riveted lap joint. The optimum rivet spacing as determined by the Germen tests was obteined ck Pa ; £8 on oer) y using belted joints. Since the riveted lap in the two tyve joints is considerably different, it was considered of interest to investigete the optimm rivet spacing and edge distance in a riveted lep joint. the resultc of the German tests are showm on page 2. ay reaches. & maxthourm for e-= £,.58d he bearing stren and rv = Sad the resukts obtained for a riveted lap joint are mcrease in given on pages 3. 4.7 5. “he bearing strength starts dropping off at € ss 1.00d and r= 9.75d, but continues to inerease throughout the renege of edge distance tested. 26 wo to AeBds This can be explained by considering the way in whieh the lap joint fails in bearings. Due to the eccentricity, the rivet will rotate until the head of the rivet cither pulls through the sheet, or the sheet will tear in the "r" dircetion. Usually the later occurs. Consequently the sheet does uot fail in the crushing of the sheet, as it does in the butt joint but rather fails im tear accross the sheet. _GERMAN _ TESTS 200,000 190,000 {80,000 _ : ~ ZT 170,000 es a ae _ — \ 160,000 4 eo of ee 180,000 A — 7 P< ly ’ of ¥ ~~ S L Px 140,000 tb es Cee ; 7 / nN 130, 000 anaes 120,000 to a . _ — ee ee % S 114,000 _ jo —— _. _ - _. 4 8 QL /c0,000 L. - | Q 90 000 _ nee See cede an _ ; TEST EF. 80,000 eee eon value of crulsheng STrenglh by ae Failure relative Jo edge distance “e"' 74,000 |o | | aa —|-—-. dene enerefie eeneenereef weep een a 1 | TES} TE x yen Toon arothing strengie by 4 Sovlure 60,000 ae relative Fa ‘r” ae 50,000 it a _ | | e Waa) 2, 43 | 4 i ~ -7| W) 9 | i) | at l2 OSS 10d 15a 20d 25d 30d 35a Jod 45d eau LOGE DWSTANCE , e' ‘and ‘p Crushing pressure of sheet in bolted Joint for various edge distances. 7 Luches i Z TEs7 TF e S> Constent = lSmm i a = Constant = 6.0mm ~~ P = Constont = 'ZOmm 228d ok ibe ne | © varying [rom OFd Fo FS of o/ TEST an LY a S= Conslavrete = 1S mm aa U A= Constant = G.Omem C= Consfan! = 150mm: 25aA P varying rom O8d to 35d VEST Derves” FF te 7 OPTI LT? ZOoGE LIS TINO 4 Larirate Cesrne SrrPeve7y 4S Locke Ls 78k e " | i. T ] lee 44k © + Fo yY f06E Sweer- | Novawst| 218. oF | Pearwa Laz dare STH SP, EC, Os TAN, || Iwrexwess | iver | Lip.ceo| ATER Lovo YN LFEAIPING ec” tg © DUA Ho. | Orilled Hate” WS fa “” /\| @ |.060| & |.257|. ove70\| 7270 | 7é000- Ave |, . / | 440 1.0630| 4 1.257 | 0/62 | sve 93,600 | 2 w OSPF a ” O46E8 | IS SE GFA OIC Ave | F3_EBCO / | @ | 06%0| ZG |.257 | CVEI7| /77/ | (05:700 Zz “ O6GBO\ «er ut .O/620 | /S8BES | (7S COP 3 “ OFF \ouw oP OBZ \ (22S | f/O8,dI0v0 AVE| + /OF, 600 L ‘| # | 0¢f5\| | |.257| .01793| (/2I2 Z ae -f a or ont (REZ 4 "4 ” 7 be " 278 Ave| “ S26 |\S4O,2Z00 4 | & |.0f $5| 4 |.257 |) 00/70 | /B27/ | /78,d0€ 2 “ OFGOl + ‘ O82.) F776 | [25200 3 “ OPES | « we | O46 70 | f~FFSH | /2ZFAIPOO Ave| 120,800 / | & | o¢35| & |.257\.01/20 | 726% | /rB.00€ 3 u | OF20] « 4 “ 40GB \NSZF SOO fre ((ELOGO 4 | 44 | 0955 &G& |267|.01/70 | /#ZZ\ sZr,7¢° 2 OF 50 “ OVf897| 1BBJ | 420,000 3 “ au ” n 7, /BBS | /20,000 Alwe| on /Z 0,600 a /é O520\ & | 259 O1339 | /66S | 124500 2) os0s\| uu | (|.07300 |/797 | 12¥200 Bilou “ “ a A000 F | /BE,700 Avé\ “ a 13/, 700 Be JEST. 2FR1E5. 2. 2. L470007E Gearinac Ave Veelrine S3TiPencry Ws EOE Disranwce rp" Aah 3 + s i L f n msl 7 i f 1 h foce | Sreer | Nor | Dia \Baarie Cbricaare srq TEAR ING | Téa ING Srie cee ONTIAE | Tyeawess| TiveT | Drureo \area-Oned| LOO | rw Bearing ORE ge ae r “SS QA. MHacé ta. BE fa 2 /| B |.065 | 4 'a257"| 0/6? | 7066 | 63,80¢ |.0/625 | 65/500 | %e | 06% | 4 iezs7 | e1e7 | 1670 | 100.000| 02440 | 68, 5x0 2 " ys wg Vv S625 P2500 | “ ECZBGIE ; | 3 " _OFIO| " te O87 /0GO GLZ720 | C1690 | GZ,200 Ave| + vie [6,400 6G 00° 1 | 4 | 0695 4 1257 | 0/658 | /792 | 06,000 | 03220) FF700 Z “ OF 50 ia nu | OST | joe tt | .e2250 SLE 20 3 tt tf ee oy er SO76 JOL 86 oe 4 : rp er et G ws J/@Sf / 0 Ave 1/67 |/02,260 FB/d0 / | 4%, 1.0 450 4G (257 | OST | (265 O3837s 2 7 te “ i a (27°68 " 3 ey ee 7} a) re S203 or Aye (232 \106,%60 36, 600 / | lg |.0955| 4 \ 257 |.01/70 | S96F OFSS 2 “" it 7a ur SBZZ “ 3" Zz Zn AB SF7 ‘ Suer| on oon IBY EB | //Z O00 LF EEO / | 7B |\.0f55| 4 1287) O70 | (ABS OF67 2 ” “ o " u SBPZEZ " 3B “f + a " aa SBE ' fee . Ave|” y , ‘ {BAS \ff/BLZOC, ZB, BIC / | & \.cF50| | 267 | Ovls7 | (2H 67s 2 Ww wl a o oe 4 BIT es oe a7 a 3 h — _ __ ee oo WE, SLE2 | f/f 1 C00 ‘ 1G 900 / | % |.0¢F0 | Gh 287 |.O//87 |/926 (28200 |.0787 | 8/20 __ 2 vw |OFSS " n O70 |\/#EF |\/Z4ASIO |} 2795 \ /8BdI0 | . . ee he en a = eas 3 yw foes ns hn ‘ BHO \S/F 200 ae (GZ O° IVE 7 4 a te 12 2,2 OC SEA GOO SIAPEV STH FEL, ” PEGPIVG OPN FEARING QLTVIPATE Tesr TEES "| $ 2 GLTWIAITE | BERING GTRENGCTH Ano TEMPING STRENGTH VS. GOCE DISTANCE (@\Arvo'h" For A K&INGLE (PIVETEDP £4f? SOIT © (36, 000 ; BERIING BT. US i /2Q000 MO, 000 ! A i $2} 000 i 7G C00 @20Cd). i 53 O60 FO CON ; 3000 TeApING STAVES ‘r i LO00E | eyed Vier [Sf BOS 25S BOS IIS FOS | #5ax £ ” “o ow Le . . yor ry te woo} IE a” 8 ALCL. LAR 6 O LYS TANCE C" Awa ? “ WEIMBES, AND IN (EROS en THE Fever Dai “nd CLESTS . : “his tearing of the sheet is determined more cr less by the stiffness, or resist ice of the sheet due to bendine. If the edse distances inereuse the stiffness ea wa pe 7 mm gee ed es °3 eo. aegi:, & - a. aes Hn REPCLSeS, and the loud at whieh teoring a gre fed AN Sede g ry {3 C Bi foots a] a F. 7 = bm, whe he ey oy Be ot * Fa Nee ee Gr the sheet storits will be ores t gopvyec. The tecring strength of the sheet drops trapidly after the eritieal value of r = 6. teh however is determined fron the equation n= (Fe 4 a)a (Mef. Page 40. ) where fy =tearing ultimate Sart #/y 4s a veritable and fetes & taken from the curve on vage 9. The value of ¢ = 1.0d seems ton small so 2 velue of e = Bd or 2.5d would be the best 3! ry QO, a sea os [xt fg it fest Series lo. 3 (Rearing streneth of sheet) The bearing strength of Dural sheet inbolted and riveted butt jeints was determined by Germen tests, the results of which are shown on page _2. The some~ what 1 wer bearing strength of the thicker sheets in he ease ef the riveted joint is perhaps due to the fact. that heavier sheets are act always as evenly rolled as cnimer sheets. In the bolted joint the sheet is une supported and there is nothing te prevent local buck- ling of the sheet in front of the rivet except the atiffness of the sheet itself. Consequently the ultinate Lood is determined by the locel buckling of the sheet for a skeet thickness of less then .045, The testa made on the bearing strength of 24srt sheet in a butt joint was limited to one sheet thick ness. Ref. pages “/ FY 24, A sheet of .021 thick ness was tested in the center pesition Lees, So page 2¢ the average bearing strength was found te be 204,000 ofa" ‘for this sheet thickness. With the sheet in the outside position’ i.e. S; page 24, the bearing strength is little better than that found for a lap joint. The sheet will fail by teuring accross the pe démension, similiar toe the type failure found in the lap joint. The ultimate bearing strength of 24srt sheet for various sheet thickness was determined for a lap joint using the following type révets. is Reund head rivets. 2s Countersunk rivets. 3e 5 S rivets with welded heads. The result of these tests are shown on pages /o9 The type of bearing failure occuring in a lep joint has already been discussed. That is the failure eccurs in tearing accross the edge distance "r* rather then the crushing of the sheet. In ease of the round head rivet, failure alweys occured on the side of the joint with the smaller rivet head. From this fact and also because of the tyve of failure found in the lap joint it was ébvious that the size of the rivet head was an important factor in the bearing strength of the joint. As a result tests were made on specimens with various head diameters. The head diameter was varied from «20 to «30, le@e, an increase of 50%. for this range the bearing strength was found to increase by 17%. ‘he driven head or foreed head used by the Jouglas Company is a fiat head and as an uverage is about 2/3 the diameter of the original bet fe @ f the rivet, Ghat is, if heading tools were used that would form a head. equal in diameter to the original heod of the rivet, an inerease of 15% in the bearing strength could be realized. In the ease of the countersunk rivet the fallure ulways oecured @m the counters nk side. The head of the rivet was countersimk in the sheet thus making it easier for the rivet to pull through the sheet. As a result the bearing strength of countersunk rivets when countere- sunk in the sheet Is about 30% less than that found for wound head rivets. the 35 rivets with welded heads failed in tension aceress the sheet in two of the three spveciméns tested. the sheet had been burnt in the third specimen and the rivet pulled through the sheet. liveting Methods used by the Dougies Compaen there are six different riveting mechines or methods in use at the Douglas Gonpany at the present time, namely -- 1. Hand hiveting. 2. Vibrators (Air Hammer). 3. Yneumatic Squeeszers. 4. opinnerse 5. One shot gun. GERMAN TESTS | 2070 190.000 i | i ee ee ee (80, 0008§ | a nm cde N S Iw YA ee R vaee wo Sa } SO i K | ~ 90 1 | a 160,000f . nf S | jt x : wf ! : ‘ A oe i > /$0,000 i. _ [ a | t /4.4060 | | | (3QO0K.. ! t & | | 2 /20.000 | if S | if N) Mock... Armor ett rssS a —~ ae _— if | ras 100, 0004. A qo /' yf. 9G, 90 ?- SQ0oo}. if. ZFZOLTED SOINT _ ey / Xan Kemmnen WT PESPECT TO ORIGINAL BEARING AREA 70,060} : aa Aw nA2@— he ComeuvTeo FoR ENLARPCEO GEARING AREA —-—— 60000 +f ——| PLVETEQ JOINT —_—~ ; 7 “as Om Omen Wiz PESPECT TO ORIGINAL HOLE O18. 50,000 44 Whe ree i Comeureo For ENLARPECEO HOLE OIA. / ‘| | | | 40,0¢0 a 7 an | | . --+ _ | | 30 000 Of O02 02 OF Os 06 OF os .O9 10 SS ASA ‘ S, FLATE THICKNESS , INCHES Fig.___ Crushing Pressure of thin sheets in bolted and riveted joints. oO O Oo Zest Specumaeg roy Tam “ “ey fo ree ' ‘ | r ¥ , P<) a oO, | Oo f¢ P O , ON do > a ie — Hn : oO Oo oO —-l om. ¢{ clearance To Eee : =< =a eral Siminate Trichion — Section a-¢ Fig.__ Bolt arrangement for testing strength of plates. crushing Fig.__ Arrangement used for testing crushing strength of riveted joints. * a LEST BEPES " BO ZIERRING BIRENEITHA OF BY BPP” Bre Ss HS OCR Fic ATES» SPOLNO SLE 9 LP TOME LS Syeer \Wonina.| Deiiceo| Verne. | QPL Ee ; Bearn. | BEARING / O20 “a, (£88 | 902622. |.002700 3257 2 tr of he +; " 3820 3 nr " “ 336 AVERAGE 327 (24 B00 | /2 4000 / 2320! Yo | ./98S |. 00600 | C0619 2/0 Dre 213 | 1/G 000 \ 115,200 / | IZS5S 44 257 0/138 O47 0 SP ZZ. | 125,000 124700 2 \|o¥sa\} 4 e 01125 | 057 | 1/387 23000 | 20,000 3 “ o ts tr os (BEF 124200 420, COO LDVE “/2 3,7629!1/20,60¢ Z OFZO Be 257 | Gf3B00 | ,O/BPFF | (FFE! ! 176, FO8 2 “a “ “ 1 4 (663 729, 500 3 7 7 “ 4 “ [665 — /24500 Ave 1627 | [25,008 | /2/,800 Couvrerrsunnw Pieris (UE? Ee. CORN A) / O2/ fg PES") 0026722. |.002730| 258 Zz ag a aN “fF o 258 3 a 4 a is te 262 Ave 2E9.3 | GB7oe GS00e / O3B/ We 2/8 | O859%3" | POCTF | FES | FEF 6 BE 7OC z IFB “ “ O06F | 00720 | TOF P/ 200 | 784 3 OF/ “ 7 OOf9S” |! C0576 | BPI P2706 | BEECO AVE GE,$30'!B38E00 / OF 44, |. £00 | 090863 |.90920 | GIS | SO500|77 500 2 OF 4 “ 20 BFF | 22700 B50 100,822 | 92 5:00 3 Lovee) ou uw |.00853 | 0090 | BES 1/40,200 | F400 AVE JOO 800 | 94 Bac / OPID” Ja 262. | 01788 |.0/f@72\| 4/722 |\/07,B06|/0Z700 Z te 2 _O7/0 “1 “ OI7V7S |.C°860 | (FIVE | /08000| soZ7s0e Ave /O7, f00 493,000 3S Trwers — Wecoeoe AWeaos / OZ/ “B — 002622) ~~ (7E | 7Es00 a Zz OF ' —_ ‘ —— S39 205.500 3 “ " — “ — o7F 266,290 SWE A wer Heap SHERR EC @F/ Ye SI ee FSVL EO IN TENSION El) Fares jn SHEA LO i 3 *3 a “ee ' ~ j | “+ VEY Oe de, a 7) vs, | Wepre SHEST Pwer WA ey. 200 1220 | 220 4; AVEC ACE _ a ~ — S54 : : ' : ! ! “KA ON Ry 4 8 : i : ! i ! : ; : : ~ N ‘ \ ~ : ' : i. : : a EAN Ssh. s48 > ; : poo: BSS BAN Ss lp Riis I pone pene fe ep ee SEED, SOR ee S| SL al ng ‘old i i pt AER Wek ITN TS TN! hy S : peo eh i MUR EOS AOe SES EN / 8 - Sf Rab is of ane - 4 ONY NBS ot my Po | Fe Boe Shy 9 Re ee ap et fen aN Qk RY og | N es 4 ‘ po yp FORE FUSS [lal oy | 9 | SRE 5 N aot } t { t we - r i 4 +, beamenk rw 25 ao oe | i — | | + hed VS OB SOAS. t sot ot ‘ : t } | H | 1 ( ' | | | t T T -j A LET Co B07 PN SRVET) PEAO|-— LALO i alain en t i See eeeenteeeindt onatemneen Sietetoehenatemieenas miieaaiiet ation teens ij if i | Zeer LEM OPATE eS LAE : i { i | GETRAAAN TESTS can rece Pe \ I | pore ! i H i 4. weed i t | | a_i i I ms { get er i ‘ t ' ‘ i + EF AT so H H ! H ETS iM { coast AFP | t | J 2p os BESPT Seer | me oe ee ee eee re ones hy ee pod dw P| (rgd ue i : ae \ Seyi 4 wae oe fe a! Pees RES an = i s- a — : : aon AR 4. Q oe : red om hab | L wt 1. is hee ne ee 2 | _ : Hl : 1 H i Kame | : : — rr eae cnn eeeeneneans hanna [8 - | 2 oy | oencerrenren ar - - ~ a wt te pe ape Ed SEE 7 or { * 1 ‘ : i a —e ~T 1 _ } 1 } 7 | i 1 | - i. ‘ i | { 1 4 ! i | RS et An eS enc ey PMMOFE srewsr77 cope ot re end nee eR meeps Lie Olea V52.0001. LIQ OOO 6. Automatic Liveter (Tecentric Press). ef which only hand riveting and the vibrators are capable of covering the entire field of riveting. Of these tye methods the vibrators are used almost ex~ elusively. Uoth nethods in mest cases require two men for operation. One to hold the bucking bar and the other to drive the rivet. They find most of thew app» lication to either final acseubly or on pieces that eannot be accommodated ‘by a Tixed machine. Of course the speed of riveting depends more or less on the specimen being riveted but as a rough approximation it is possible to drive 225 rivets per hour by hand come pared with 300 rivets per hour for the vibrators. The Pneumatic sgueezers is operated by compressed. air and the rivet is driven by a squeezing process. It is limited to an edge distanee of about six inches, consequently it finds application to work such as riveting of metal beams ete. It only requires one man for operation with a rate of riveting of probably around 300 per hour. The Spinner is nothing more than a modified drill press used to spin the head on long rivets that are unsupported in the middle, ag used to rivet through struts, ete. It requires two men for operation, but ag can be seen, there field of application is very limited. The one shot gun and the Automatic rivetes are both fixed machines so consequently ere limited to piece work or subeassemblies that are designed for their accomnodation, The one shot gun is operated by compressed air, and the rivet is driven by a single blow of the heading tool. It has an edge distence of approximately three feet, wateh enables it to accommodate quite large piece work, It only requires one man for operation and probably is the fastest of all the methods so far discussed. The eccentric press is actuated by an electric motor. The bueking bar or aolly rests in a chuck which moves up and down in a elide track by means of eceentric bleeks. The heading tool is stationary on a bedplate. The rivets are inserted from the top leaving the shank hanging down. The rivet is driven by a squeezing action. The machine only requires one man for operation and has an edge distance of 2 foot and a half or two feet. Since it pumohes its own rivet holes it is probably faster than the other methods used. Best Series No. 4 (Shear of Rivets.) The diameter of the driver rivet, hence the amount of cold working of the rivet shonk, depends semewhat on the diameter of the dnllled hole. Therefore it is of value to know the drill sizes used. for the various sizes of rivets. These sizes are given in the follow. Faver Dia. Dewk Sere Derk S12 Dru. Slee YVINLS PUN ES VOLUN A L— AOTUAL ° Dy. Uuorven lua. N= Decerrdae Norarnat Dial Ac7TvHAtL Le. 2; (07375) O925 £49 —.0980 | .00¢25°| 00557 D a B (1250 ) S259 Haq — +2957 | 0025" | 0030 ha (15625) SBE6CZ #29 —./bE10 009775 | 0048 % (1875) SB BSI Ko 9 BS 0060 JGO50 4 (250) _2570 Fe- 2570 0070 0060 From the German tests it was shown possible to obtain a 40% increase in shearing strength of a driven rivet over thet of an undriven rivet. This increase was in the ultimate shearing strength in //a" based on the actual diameter of the rivet. Henee the effect of the enlarged - rivet was eliminated. This increase in strength was ex- plained by the cold working ef the material in the rivet shank upon riveting. A difference of 25% in the shearing strength of the driven rivets wes obtained between hand ‘riveting end riveting with the eccentric press. The eccentrbé press workes the shank of the rivet more evenly, than hand riveting, which would account for the increase in strength. With this possible variation of shearing strength with riveting methods, an attemptwas made to classify the various methods as outlined above by the shearing walue of the driven rivets. She tests made were yguite complete covering six ved fom methods of riveting and various rivet diameter from 3/32 “to 1/4" tetaling approximately 196 test specimens. the specimens were lap joints with 17st rivets and the edge distance edr'was held at a constant ratio of the rivet diameter "d". The design of the specimen is shown on page 19 * the result of these tests are plotted on page 2a Instead of a difference of 25% as expected, & mexinun of only 45 was ebteined between the various methods ef riveting. Also instead of the curve for the unriveted rivet falling 15 to 40 % below the curve for driven rivets the curve fell about 14% ebove the howest curve for driven rivets. However as ean be seen the curve for undriven rivets drops down for large diameter of rivets. This would indicate an error in the method of testing the undriven rivet. In testing the undriven rivets as shown i: the solid curve the rivets for all diameter were tested in a la» joint of constant sheet thickness of 0.225". This value of sheet thickness is close to the value used for 1/4" rivet in the driven rivet tests. This would indicate that the shearing value of the rivet is a funetion of the sheet. thickness. Hense a serées of specimens wore tested with constant rivet diameter and variable sheet thickness. These results are plotted on page £6 . These results show that the shear- ing value of unriveted rivets in a lap joint will vary about 7 in the ordinary range of sheet thickmess of O21 to 2.125. This accoumts pertially for the righ value for the unriveted rivet, but there is still at least 10% yet to be accounted for. As'a second eheck, a series of specimens were tested for varieus rivet diameter using . the seme sheets that were used in the riveted specimens. The rivets were threaded and muts were used to hold the rivet in position instead of the driven head. The nuts were not tightened ‘but left loose so as not to cause an error due to friction. The results are shown in a dotted curve on the same curve sheet. The test gave a constant shearing value of 37g 400/r" throughout the range of rivet diameter. This is free from the previous error of sheét thickness but still lies about 10% higher then the Lowest eurve for driven rivets. The last series of specimens were from a different batch of rivets than used in the first group of specimens, which may account for the deserepency. The shearing value obtained from rivets driven by ‘the ecentric press fall below all the other methods used. This seems to indicate thot the metal is weakened from over working. However, these specimens were from still : another batch of rivets, so no definite conelusions can be draws All the above curves were shearing values based on the actual diameter of the rivet, (driven or undriven) and henee remove any effect of the enlurged cross~ sectional ereaof the driven rivet. ene shearing values based on the nominal cianeter mon Goo inscvnscisatent to give sisseth curves, hence the averuge volue of the Your methods Listed below vere plLopted ta show the effoet ee riveting. inereace Ubress Bused on Noisinel Diameter fer the Four Follovirg cctheds of iveting. Dia —> Yalo0375) (1250) Ylrse2e) Hlie7s) 4(.250) O One Sror Gen 39-950” 38,960 37.750 38.20 37600 @ Vararors 40200 38500 38220 38870 OFrewneric Spucezer 39600 374oo 37380 38,776 ) Hane Tiverine IE. 760 3E/O60 78/00 38,300 36,030 39990 38,740 37860 38540 36800 SIVETIOGE The difference between the undriven rivet diumeter and the drilled hole is almost cunstunt throughout the ynetere This accounts for the greater yer cen ement of thes@unll rivets as show by tne ourve based on nominal diameter. She difference is even more pronem ed in the curve taxen Prom the tents were aleo made on LYst countere eunis vivets ead 3c welded head rivets. The counter gumlc pivet ves eounter cumk into the sheet itself a, whieh eut dow the bearing oret. of the cheet and gave jt o lmife edge effect which resulted im about o Sop C5 Leste vere also made on the double shear of rivets in butt Jolats. Yhe butt Joint wa designed er Gu Page 25 with Siort sheet and L’st rivets. in this case the bearing value of the sheet waa so high in coapurison to the shearing value of the rivets that the sheet thicknes: required was sco thin that the vivet fu.iled in be ring instead of chear.e Conse.nently the shearing allowable of Ll-st rivets in dovble shear is about 30 to 5S:c less than that obtained in single shear. double eur specimens TG? eerie of Foy eonstant rivet diameter and variable sheet thickness to deterasine the effect of sheet thickness on the bearing stress of the rivet. The results are plotted on page 26 # and show that the shearing valve may vary 357. in a 190% change in sheet thickness. Seceuse of some uncertainty as to the effect that frietion in metal joints head on the shearing valuc of metal, a series of specimens were tested under the ungement showa or Fage 27 1» she results show that the ~ shearing value varies directly uo: tue tension in the t 2 rivet. Seat is the additional Load tuxen oy the joint is just the tension in the rivet times the coefficient of friction. Vith a tensile stress in the rivet of 1/10 the ultimate sheoring strength it is pocsible te chenge the shearing value of the rivet by a out 6° or 7S. is possible thet the variation of ultimate shearing strengths of rivets with methocs of riveting, ie may be due partie iy at least to friction. reser osepyeg Fy SIAN GLE SBAIEIA PS OIPE IVE TAS LER BL PFE ULE LIF. POOR bt REO ST PALE FEA OLE S OKT SIP YKET IIS. i ~ fEB PIO UPEX —s -- - | i Ke > y | a 3 Og | | ak | v | A we aa eal Wo. FLSTEO po fnew Mhetieo om fewe awe ZF 3 ZF 4 3 leweer zerenvess S"\ ogg | OFS \ .06f-\ .072. | .O9/ ips ; Types eo fe Ss er “ns be ee SPIWET 279, oe 4, 2 B “42 4, ‘ GQ. £a6e O1STANCE “eC” 4%, % % 44," /" (r “ o Z Morn NA % / VE (@ 2 POE BETES PECY GENS LWESPEH PTFE STLD FOP EAE OF fUPDE FOLLOWING SAETH OOS CF” PICE7~ SOS, LGXCEPT @WAETPE CVE FHOOS WERE LINE LE FO POO WGN POLL TUE IPIW LET DD Levent 2F ser Purl SHEET Y- MAP ST Deg. _ ITIL ETS. L, MAN TFVVETING ( BRAZIEIRP? YF 79ND HAAS ) 2. HAN TrVEeTING ( COMNTETPSUN A HEADS yy, 3B SlYNWNEIPS [(BIAZ ET? F/POUND 4HEADS) F XK BY Pwers ( WELOFO MES) roe PPLTOIGAIVE SPTICET EWP ( La, H/?. HeAas) 6 Qe Suer Cun [ &#FP 4ea0s) 7 &, YERATORS (SHR eros) FINEYLIATOE PVE LZ EIS (LIT MEA os) LIStN a: C8ser DurrAak SWEET LA B77 LDS WAL PLVEETL ES 4 Alana PPvErING (23.1 HEADs) 8B. Puecwrrnre Sqvecztrs (BH#IP HEADS. 5) Tésr Snes 8 #0, DIVIEN SIONS OFF SPRECIMIENS fi. TEST PR HES ARE GIVEN OV F°E__ “z MA FLLVETING SIEGE DUAL GPAZIET ALAO CPV E TS |/ joss |e jo0x0A | 67 |24200, | | loge) 4%. cores a 263 91550 310638|) “ \003z6e § 6 # ‘20 000 3 10788 + 00766) o 273 A650 ra 0628 | 66 \2/060\?7/54o wl 098s | | (267335, 100.58 706 }/ [1295 “B 013/7\ @. | 475 (36/00 |! | 1610 | “ae. (oz0ss' a 716 (35,200 en [2 \/2e5./25 0/298 Wy |447 94450 2 | 1G18 | F879 | o20655° a 733 (35700 3\/300\ «0378 ° 480 36/80 3|/6Z0| " _|pz0ex © 742 35900 _ 1/293 | 467335570133, 100| |e [GIG 7303 95600) 38 /00 Vl He) Ly 1054 35000, |/ |2s6o| 4 les 4 /7B7 34700. 2 | 1960/87 | 03018 « 1066 |35,4o0|, 212570, .25¢ Looe 2/750 33800) B 1/975) _« 103067 0 11/89 38800 | [312575 "|e sze ° “773 3456 “1/968 1103 \36Jo0399e0| — ut ____ V77OIBA 210 36,030 verege Of (FZ 35200 38,300 ae, BANOO LPLLEETZING VIBT ZA COUPNTET?R EOIN MEPL IPCC EFS [2 ]vcce | Be. oorast) 20 12/4 2600, vt | | cg BFE |2 [loro ev7s 190802) 240. 29-Goe 2] 0° 2S FBS 3 a 90802 v 242 | 30,200 3 ° 10 o IEZ | | ca a 231 |2].000 33 500 oa | B7Z7 2785096390, / e25\ 742. {Cee2E g(OF° 3LB50\_ / APT O| Fe 1.030751 4. (200 29550 a 2Véz20 /%6?* o2z06el 9 (6/3 2980G | 4 |\/PES 1/872 | 6302 < B/3 2e850 - 3\622| “ \02067_ ® | F08:!24200 3 \/9EE. «| 0304! 5 81/5 26800 “ | SEIT 2895030650, ju] | | 842.7 2773030950 /|259| 4 |osze| m |/38/ | 2 250 AX 460 3 04257 ra 1922 |27 000\28 Yo 47 37. PYTA &. SPALZETC MEAP (RPlWe7s ft |%2 | ol: oo 250 (295| fe 01317 @ 462 25 100' _ Zlosrrorare| aM W253) | | [A 00 ves ora 9A 34200 3 \v9797_ o° V_j2as4 3305 0/939 ° FES 34750 we 252.3 |\39850\%600| |"|/300 FE 03/3468637500 ap 3a Ve ELS os Wea‘ sb [FAAS een | NGPUNA LAPIVEM Moran as BT be y Hi 2 = é Ore Lia. | és Ceca LOA | LE Wovamat f _| Be |OD?S"| “2 an . BO74E | OPIO OFFT “ l 9 . 2312470 7 ° — Mea. (F070. C9ES — oI FS 280) B. a S79 13900 4590 278. 783 | are : i “ ie : & ‘2 25) on | . l 2 Lf fi 700 W3S%0 7E 3° Bu rerniric PUVET ETP 44 s7 Dwivst. L8% ARI ER HEAP (Pee OE ce . a Py j VY V2 |/FOZST 2 763! ante ar pe fe | oy a ¥ £3 32 ara cL. sas IL FO00 7B | 34600 4l PELHIIENS IPG (EST Series 7 FoF GF TuaT AME IN ye ate (782 Wwers LuA.= 4, POG SF Maw. FwEeresg s Pen ge Pf). A LAR EAM , eee Pa. 2. OL / 1 0463 | 825" | 2) 2 263 Jere ® 3) O262 cf fee /3 ‘ye 16) 2 JEIZ - /B59 SFIS “4 SH _ SE x See 4 £2) O26 = (EEE / EEF CLE25" (89 Za | Lp HF PEI TODAS Moninak /ueEF OFS Ke Deven “P+ BF / FO APD a IYI BPE FP OP OO = oe CO A Core Pry Metered LAN oe Sor ‘Vase, wre Jaen i Paar Can Ce FL eee Per Aerie f EU ED LD OF LETS 22. A Orie Beers Bh Orie WVorsing!, fy" we fo" 2 Lu £243 LEGA Lorca reg en aoe Dia Dea | three sirea | * Lopo Ce eed (Wegrrer sre “ ‘| yooe 93% oo7e4 4 273 34809. |/ | Goo 8 0IB2B. gy FCE BAGO = 109BS 07379 o976Z 9 272 35,700 21/908 4 FB 3b 300 OOD a) “ go7ag ® 272 94600 3B B08 O1BBF | Of839 O9es 2723 35030 372 e Ky ee {303 FFE BBS, 830 BB ICH ’ 4 SP LSB A EPS (eso “a2 ake T2F IL RCO, He oo ag, 050 34860, 2 Vers Ot” ° a 728 | lz 760.8” 03018) AP JOT 35890 ales ' 9 8 720 | 31/960." os0en 8 ff 36,040 wh GIS TLF 3570057 756 PCT. (0793 BE-40:. BB, Foo 112590 Lr 0526 by! /8E8. 35,820, | 242970 °° 0519 A SSCS BS 950. 32570 " _o51¢ > I7EE. JA 450, a LZ577 [B47 35400 37600} , age 3 6 | O9ES : q 267: Bg 090 ‘|285 01298 | 4s 7 01228 ‘463 35, p7OO; "LCOS 0937S OOTI3 e 285 Do. “50 | 2 poe O18IT 0122B AGT BS 500 | e deeoo (00765 © 28 / “35800 31/300 "~~ 01328. 01228 « JED 36800 ML OPeT 277-7 35,600 F204 |," Za | 473 5b 200 38$00 pee oat ote TAS en yore" ae & 062 G5250 | 3 Mood a 92020 o V/ © 35,500 3 P50). “ ‘02962 o 1269 35800 VG Ef AIF FC (00 $2720 wt VIF | : ‘OTB IGSB00 38.370 FEB Pr py pnatic CPSP LOM TPTD Me SDPLEEZEIPS ct nance Hatt an cn AE dimen O987 a 352 0076S o | 277 35650, — 268 (35,050 : RARE SHEEP PY bo: as 13/0 | t a T “et 01348 | 4 2 | 0995 8F* 00777 | 1308 128° o1a39) WW BB 30780. “|09ge 90778. v 276 35,900. B31 300° © 0/328 oS 486 56 600 OPP / 273.7 35,536 32600) | 13057 4837 36150 24 400 Joor 72 oz022 FOB 45000 | |! | 990 2.0 g V O8T [607 —69F 34600 | 749 3680 TE? a5" \/7so! Oe Vv tt oN 0 x’ 0 2 1074 pe ee 4 | 1082. TG 35 700,37 380 1OT 1 BS,900)38 770 KOU LOE ae Cons TRV TT Sayeer Oe a LEM BLP EVE Pe LEIS PROM EES NOr"g. Ae Tepe. OCT L We ee Aan FIO Toa. Ae rene LEASED : | be SPEC ng "Dian ten £COO Ke wp SEO BB Pied | PEED ‘corer. 2 / 752. 0925 C667) 26/ 4 YS 8&2) .OVF7, Tad” Blew | on Pee ae a a a 2 Pee en eR Boe PF Be z 7227 3S sac fe -) 4228 62 “Fb 2 4 | « « | 4850 “ SPF 3.C; “ “ /OS8 DvE 3BGLO B76I26 he H yen ; / “E ZEIOC, OFFS | FLO Das OM BS Revers fo cere WP DL t cee ne ae Cows? Sye@er Farce sSs oF .f%40° °° 2 - te ve STSO Ziel. Job Ava (+89 | BE ICG ee ees ee ee niet Sn Dee | hd E730 i / s a , 4 3 SLPS [CO“2? 8 Zoo c Be. ce OCP 7F 3 OG) |. 2 tr i if os é ¥ a 2 € | ‘ "F a oO cs Bis L ' 493 ~ 4 dow ‘ ot Ave : “FFSB JE 206 Abe. | By | fn fee BS RIVETS — AINE TPIVETML Fes Vig, BG “Yor pica) LILI ve i , a fae “ + 4 Vord. | Batwa | Dap. pei : AE fer “ 4 SEL ae os Dipuces 4 OA? i Apr ré + DPES py Led. PVE E #4 £eae or wed fF Pol eee te féf |. #200 2 Te ee A ee SF 6 s¢ae | OOPFO| 10F i Fe 3 7 ob S¢E Gee | (10.3 i Of 6 7b ve SEE LP 2ZEO ‘| S421. (625 | 02075 ZB /428o Soyer OF LP TSF ENA REM PPLE TS xe . 4 Jeo? 3) 0208 Sof LAFIO Wenge Swear Perce ss GS ELA I TLE ST SERIES Ft dk. nr ne a < : ® ‘ é 2£08 | Bo + ap il (OM Me rerne. (M87 | Boreas Loe ao Fag" : ' CLB | OL ( |/497¢ vl = 2 oye) . TSS ob Ares Berea). pel 4 i cf 20) / ("32 |@%32 Of0|CeG87 258 2 ” “f “4 4a ose 3 ( fe los a ZD¢ a i i ~ Toye Bore. lSreer] Dcre4l. fm Peek : 227 | 374ee pee re oe oes: paige 46AO | ee A mee a Cop l| aor 6 Ne Vues 09s Cir2g ISB ( he SB8BS 0 V2) 027F0 (OFF | zis i u FOB zie be “4 pers [--.—---- an anna fom we he _- wee _— - 4 - - = - - we cee ef oe . - a ‘ one ' FSE = te iF ‘4 COL / { i Den 7 Fel 'S928C 4a {CFE | BF 200 6, SoS be 01922 Ted Fp sr | £900) O97 | OFNC | (BFE — as rs - Sc aeeeaiat Sa we eer te : pone —-—4 - Tee ae ee 3 i PRA eo z : (E33 Bee “ ; nf FEEL ISP DEC Wwe ‘ (SEO; BG 200 23 NM SEVERE | b ener fs poo 8 : “Sh : ar wl H i : Hi ee eee conta eater sinanrnuecnriny jn ween etiganetee anemia ie an te gee wee ce, bape te acon ttnentes EO Na els ne 8 BE _ fone od hE eo fR- Cae S| e 8k yt 1 WN mer ; : yi - a qos Oe oe oa Boy OR Dog’ ora @ Sah et decedent rennet aoe bee once on fAM NS Stee Rah | 2 eS RTT STR a y oat 8 a eee + Se ee ee ee ALS 7 = = eo can Vee mse We Fr 1 : ; + { | + , t ! 1 i Alen a EEE. erie ase. at : i 1 1 ALONE AT ION. : ae UV ETHED LAER den os i 2a PME T NOM ICK MESS. PANE AF yacken T: QF FEM TS 2e be N 8 a Tg LQ yh . Xaatt 4 oi Se ROS boos an - a Xx ~ eoeen ane deena nce pee RF = wpe fell yeaah oe L can aees 5). ene. proven memo RE ma ree | ye gs Sy NS N » yee U J on ae NS i ; ca P ce. 4 pare | Pasaie ro 1 aiap CPPS Ji os 4 t t aad po eee MY DLET ELE SEARLE. ‘rben Bir) 7 OLA aN MLE HAMO \TPIMET EO >: RY EW DLA ry iad roan) ci nee hen | ( 3 KEA (LITA TON: -« A ioeny LOC ET EM. PELE aT CTE AMEN YF.) (Gem t ss ee DOUBLE: GREP: a FIANNA LP LT ELT LPL, de? é day peed — 1 ' : } tGOCH Vater aye. CEST) GLIVLS “ “A Sj Le aw ae 2S AOU ALL DEAE OFF 4 SIST Ste Ts 4s SHEE FT 3 “yl _ low tA oF Aa ae a ! Nors.Dr a! we r fs ey all 2, : og ee ee Vea Te ae ot wT ‘ Sy one ve ae te £ One ” vee ae f t / 1032 O32 4: J320 O13 OTE / 1032 OIF i A466 (£1327 TEE6 29300 ed " " " te ! t+ a ? on fet “/300 i “179 29K Avel % i | aw | " C56 44000 Ave 4 | " ee P9206 re i 7 “ET / 1032 Cot!) ve | LIC 01367 1g4g! 32500 / | 032 O72 BQ L320 07306) I32 34/00 Fa 1 EB2O C130® 297 2200 Alou te 4306 91327 SG / ‘32500 Bp 4 #1246 C1307 SCO F000 Bla tafe 320 1k 2950 348e fuel we ph iH | Bt ave vel |e me 23800 Males “phe tN Wie & 7 LEI VG Fase ‘i COVE / | £45") 06F te. 19%. O36, eq = Lf OH OU Ge 2560 05140 27 inl a : mn " 6 WW 1733. ; Zz uM ray 7) be ty (2787, By TA Blu moi ng ‘2120 vel oe _& N199 28600 My t mem ig 2744 26860 CEOS lead TH OFT tii / O36 oLze B ae | 0024 540. / lose OF: Ne. A410, C059. Woe. zfn iw mw min Gog | fete je we yp28 3 " " te “ ts SIG 3 ae a " 4 " S30 Ay. To “SFL 204000 (Me. ‘ . moms (192 1 128500 a . Sivese SERIE OF Z 47s tnrervetTeée /Trevers vs SHEET THICKNESS See F* i “eS Seer Dia. ~ ” Opes: imervend eee, Area Lene “ Vor" Sree. iregenies we er Avec fo one Be” / (4220 1245 C1219, 243 f |.040 I245 w2I9 234-_ ple “| 299 Zp 2B 3 “ tt oo 245 3 ' 6 An 4227 al a et “ 245 | Bre ‘fy . “ ray 2 245 Viped Beal oa “ . 2FIF 20000 2 " wooo (232 3 me 238 / |0Z5 6% 4 5 232 ; Ave “i 240 tool 2 | ee 3 “ mo BBE Avé| ou “ "| 227 8&ee 2 jp tweens EWG HEF | ! i i = Bovece reise | “errs cm Za ZC EES Ne ; = e) hn af pete Vs. . i TEE ral LN A000 (5000). MEL 0OM. ae nn pee tebe top ef f ! 1 fea ee fe eet epee pf be OLR TIO AM AA ELLE LA ULES: jo } ¥ t ‘ ° ‘ ‘ ' i i nt See ee Seen i : ‘wate i | | i i ; I f- at. - tees bo ie ~ ie ae care i i ' é t | t " : oF b Var BV ay ' i t N 46, 04 i sar} ae ie re = Bem Neramae| SE or! SyeAalP FORCE Tans 70 £ | Awerb tye] beao | Hop 2-4 ive . : ee ee ae y aA | Amea\| FP PEM en ae a | | / | “ |0/228) F7E G ee heed [ste din |¥77 é : | F) ou 4 LAT \ e | jit vel, 4" |#<7ES\IBB04 O C : P [yt [a lese| feet | ye Gyo 4 | S00 FL AL a. ran n |¢o7| > -|¥2 Z | elon | 4 |¢oz3eseo| 42 [3420] a [pét 1 [sea 7|9/¥oo| 63 |sA20| — Lio] test Series No. §& fests conducted by &. Webster of the Pougles Go. Sony several yeors ago led to the investigation meade r in this test series. tie found frou mall eability tests on rivets of various ageings, that a rivet of tvelve hours apeing wos oore molleeble then one of three hours A4t first it was thought thet the « elleability would show up in sheuring tests. A butch of rivets were testea in double shear using the shearing locks shorn o rs en pease 33 . whe result df this test is sletted on the save pase. AS can be seen frou the curve the rivet pesses through « oritiesl stage betveen the ouges of 6 and oor goo wh R get e bg 20 heurse Luring iticail period most any shearing value coy be expected within certain limits. The seutter a a} seeas to Lie above the value of 26,000 .fp“s the shearing velue remaing sore or less sconstunt at this value «after a ano ageing of SY hours. Yhe heat Breutuent of the rivets pela xO x3 siven on the curve sheete After .uenching,the rivets were dried with a centrifugal drier and immediately placed into mm ice box, where they remainel until using “aa started. They were aged at a mere or less constant pe tempature of GO Ge sinee the solleability dia not show up in tne she. ring tests aes expeeted & second batch of rivets were tested by the same test blocks used by YY. Vebster. Lhe wression blocks rivet specincen was placed between two cor 29 s ghown on pugse 36, whe défleection of the rivet for Pac’ ELE. Fs verious loadings was oeasured by two Anes Dials An average of the tvo readings was taken as the true sorroression of intergal part of the block, econsejuently there was no erroe due to slippage. the results show considerxble scatter througnout most of the uges tested, however decreuses around the ageing time of 100 hours. A couple or the ssecisens were es malleable at 20 hours os when the ice box. Yhe heat treatment for this batch of rivéts is given on the curve sheet, ond the ageing took place ut approximately 25 C. ” Lest Series No.Sitensile Strength) series of spectucens were tested to determine 2 the tensile strength of 2osrt for various sheet thicke NeSSe 2 @€ results ore shown on pege_37 « “he interesting feature of the test wes the fact that every specimen % failed by shear at approximately AB. fest Series ve 7. (Shear of -ivets in a Line} information regarding the Load taken by rivets aged in @ line in « riveted joint is of value esnec- ©, ially since the design prectice is eontrery to the elastic theory. tests were mude on specimens with the number of rivets in «a line varying from one to twelve. She results ef the tests is shown on page_31_ and agrees with design 30 practice. The drop off of the ultimate load per rivet is small, even for twelve rivets in a line. If we are éesigning for ultimate loud a rivet will contribute roximately the same strength to a joint regurdless of the number of rivets in a line. However if we design ae on the elastic limit the result is somewhat different. The Germans have found that a rivet hole has already passed a 2% deformation(elasticlimit) at about one fourth its ultimate load, also it has been shown by tests (lef. Proceedings A. Ge Ce Ee Nov. 19%2) that when rivets are placed in a row the second rivet receives very little loud until the first rivet has passed its elastic limit. If this is the case we would expect the first rivet in « row of ten rivets to pass its elastic limit ata value of three or four percent the ultimate load of the joint. If there is a reversul of the load in a multi-riveted joint of this type the end rivets would probably become loose at relative small loadse In order to test hole enlargements in a multi- riveted joint, specimens have been mede with varous number of rivets in a row which will ececommodaute both tension end compression. The specimens have not yet peen tested, but it is planned to veyy both the mag- nitude of the reversing load and the number of tines of reversals, after which the heads of the rivets will pe milled off and the hole enlargements measured. —(B/ VES 7 IEG VES a De SGYEVPING bE OFF 4 4 DPS PO LIPO NV LETS Four CHPIOUS VIPERS OF /IGEING. eKceotrVGe Veh 7s For Worwen Sheers 1 Love. Syoerate VESTS. WEernce Veuve 2149.7, 296s EMPEY = .OF PTZ a Hotel | Lego |Berenes,| re] al] Logo | Bixee Hours \of PF far” Asev| of Sa SEY 2 4 /_ | 28292| 30300 7 4 | 3602 | BZ 7FO O | 2 |2828\| 29630 7 | 2 | 7023 | A250 _| O\|9 |£eeF| F240 | 7 | 3 (B47 | 36,370. _ |Wve| Z86/ | 29980 7 | F | 3ASO| BE 750 4|/ |2796| 2893/0 4ve| 3636 | BE/00 4. | 2 |2838| 29,770 S| / |3435-| 3£990_ 4a_\ 3 |\2875\ 34/20 3S | 2 | 3500 | 36670 AVE | 2836 | 29 75 S| 3 |9886| 43720 4 | /% | 2827| 29620 | AWwe|9EO7 | BZ790 | 4 | 2 [2790 | 29230 | 9 | / | F7430| 95,940 /_ | 3 | 2787| 29200 2? | 2 | 3650| 38270 | Awe |ZEOl | 29350 913 | 3950| F4390 2 / | 26828 | 29630 9 | A |9573| 322Z9FO 2 | 2 | 2978E| 347200 M¥E| BESS | BB 250 Z| 3 |w7s1| 32950 /O\ / | 8700\| 3E772 | 4ve|2Z9SF-|_ 34270 |/72 | 2 | 3882| 79680 3 | 4 | 2972| G4 /42_ | 0 | 3 | 3733) 35970 3 | 2 |32/8| 23720 /0 | F | 36/5 | 37880 3 | 3 | 2980| 34220 Avée| 36E58\ 38330 \9ve| 305 7| 32,030 “| fC | BABC| FS, IFO. F | / |3/6/| B3/Z0 //\ 2. | 3¥978\| 36/30 F | 2 | 3/00 | 32,780 Lh 3 | 3700 | BZ EZo # | 3 |3228| 33820 Ave| 2426| 35900 Ave | 3/E3 | 33/F0 11/4,| 4 | 9#22|\ BF8Go 3 | 4 |3309| 84670 W4| 2 | BF#39| 36030_ 3 | 2 |3229 | 33820 | M4\ 3 |3308| 34660) S | 3 | 3668 | 38.<30 AVE| B3B9IO| BZ 520 S| F (3333| 34920 /Z\ 4 1 3738\ 39/70 five |\3B BS | BS.4#70 (2 | 2 | BS97| 32/70 _| G | / (3828 |farso |} 42 | 3 | 3596 | 36,7% G |Z |3882| 7g680 | Ave| B£22\| 37690 G |F |3650| 38,240 4ve.| 3797) 3296729 V, 9 Ted, y eld” | “gee |e] |B | or Pg (24\ | ¥p5~\ ZBIZO |2/ | / | #597 | 37700 /24\ Z 32829 | FA/2Z0 2/ | 2 | 38H | ¥a250 (24) 3 | #y25'| 439220 2/| 3 | 3600| 37720 Ave \¥023'| 92,452 Ave| 366/ | 38360 4/3 | / |\3587| 392580 Z4| / | 3668\ F8FFO 43 | 2 13600 |\ 37,720 Z2F| Z | 3637 | 38/70 43 \3 |3675°'| 3BS/0 24) 3 | 68S | BES/O Wwe|FI62/ | BFIFI Ave|3266F7)| 38390 /32\| / |2#89 | FESCO 27\ / | GF/9| IS 820 /34| 2 |\3E/5 | 39970 Z27| 2 | 34393 | 95,970 /34| 3 |\36287| 38630 27 | 3 | BF45| 36,/d0 _|Wve|366F| 38390 27 | # | 3433 | 35970 \$/4g\ | | 398A FL THO Aue) 3933 \ BS270 \/#4| 2 13790| 39,7/0 37 | 4 | 34/5" | BE 7GO /#4| & |3774|.32230 37| 2 |3433| 35,970 | AVENSGEBI | FHOZ2ZO 37 | 3 | 3BFI2\| B7AIO /54\ 1 |3865|¥of00 Aue \ 3460 | 356250 /94| 2 | POSE) 92,520 49 | / |$477| 36%00__ /S4g| 3 | 3980\| FL 7oO 49| 2 |3429| 95,900 | fPvE|\3BICB\ F580 FO | 3B |\FIFS9| 36200 (64| / | 3500\ 86,670 Ave | 39S5S5| 36200 464\| 2 |39829\| F480 7Z | / | 3482\| 36950 la%4\ 3 |\36BF\ 2B Cod 72.| 2 |3425 | 35,900 | Ave|37ZF| BIIZO 7213 | 39971 36,600 17 \ 4 \NBFBO | BE, FGO AVvE | 94GB | BEBO 17 | 2 | AW//8 | FBO 96 | / | 3499| 3BEGZO 17 \ 3 | 39IFE|HL3B7O 96 | 2 | BF3/| 35950 /7 | # |\3653| 38,280 96 | 3 | 35°02 | 36690 /7\ 5 |\.3733\ B597O Ave| 3477 | Fa,700 Wwe\3726| FFAI070 /92| / |3503 | 3a 700 /2.| / |3B4¢3BHA 95980 j92| 2 | 3528 | 36970 2 \ 2 |\3F%C| 26,//0 /92\ 3 | 3F9O| BS %0ad 1/9 \ 3 | 3553\ 27,290 j92.| # | 2728Z| 36750 33 rs aan cee proses pers bot sp pT: een at ee Tpit es pe far PAVIA rn a eens aeeumanns co r. - i aonned a nr De Of 06 Jp OL Ob of O o¢ gr.e@zig o2. Se ee ke ze me Of A BY LY mw SH Bs Ye 2 oy wo le oe tll UehUmEUlUEU CO i i i . _ : t 47 i. ; ons - ro 7 uF _ + a i i : wooo poppepe poe be a > or peepee ob snc tenes PF 7 r a L rik. : ose, LISA IMIID ly pp OG i. 4b sb pee a seen ad Le | ORLCR A a : : ae : Cop bool weass ieee wes a eg RAAOLAALID PR pe pees Bae ppc a pr 4: | rn EERE : Yr r oo > : : on Gas Toys ~ % part 3! g- ° oS 1 oe ane I ee es ee Se ee ee } : . : toe YOTTAA ap TCS TET ¥ t ‘ : eee ee RY 2a AM Bk rr : rene © i. METS PURO a - i ALL: LPL waa Ea Aight an oe : PFE ThA PLOERILIET 1 poche — aw ote ae Seneneee er on - : _ a Jesx —3perics 5b Porge nwo O O 4 / th bees) Loan S sim Loans Som Lond 1 Simm Load O mn con® | Smal Load Smm| Lode GO | /20 Oe | “20 © | soo Qo | see Co | £00 O | 430 | 4802 | JE | 500) 0/6} sve} 223| s00 1228 | see 1222 | 500 fal/F | 2% | A238) See OZ | 1/000) C86) /000} OFF /000 Ql \ 1298 OF a.Go | 700 Of 0.79 {7808 | AZO | /ov0 2.13 | /$00| 230 \/S00| 265 |/se0 | 208 | /s30 2297 \/500| 2O/ {7982 | 233 | 7F00 40¢\ 2000| 4#30| 2000] J 36 | *000| 72 | Z000} 40O/ | 2000 | 788 |20°° FEF | 2000 | S/6 |Z500| 5£37| 2500] 24/ |\25e0} 2/8 | 2500 SOG) 26 00) 207 | £500 S130 | 2500 | 6.08|3000| 6./8\ 30 00) G/F | 3000| 6.07] Z000| 32.70} Fo00 SEF\| 3300| 6.08 | Bove 2 24 34. 3% FZ 4G. PE. 2 fOe Q /O0 Oo |} soo Oo {ee ra] £O02 Gh £00 x “| 202/\ Spe) O/8\ Sa0 | 223 | s00| Gos | F020 | Ale | 20° O/9°| Dee) Bie | 208 OFC | fO00| 0.7 | 1008 | O8/ | /000| 256 |/006 681/900 | 268 [F888 | PGT hee 230\|/S00| (98 |7S00 | {Gu |/F00 | 469 |/500 | -8Z [7520 | Ae | SF 0 178 4oOG9\ Zogo| 2.72 | 2000) 33/|2Z000) 379 |Z000| 775 | 2006 3B7E\2 000°) Bes tou 323 \2500| 5/0 | 2500) 488 | 25001 263 |25° 00 4 BA\I2500 AP BB\ZTPONAPB | foe 6o¥| 3000| X70 | Z000| 5.75"| Z000| 349 |3000 | 68) Z00e] Se3| Feve} s7e3 | Pe oO (O00 OO SOO a 4O0 La? SOO co SEO Aad roo Oo (ee O20\ 500 | QA/@)\ F000) Q/4)\ 200 230 | seo) Os) Zoe) OVA | S00 fase | Fe OFO /000)1 0.970|/000 2ee /O8 L266 |/P90 | O98 1/009 | Bbalreve OBOE |r IVve 2.62| S00] /78 | 1500) (BZ |S eO| 179 \/30e | LBZ | 9°] 17 we |? | 172 [S00 F#0\ 2000) 355 2000] 376|2000 | B7E | 20004 276 [207° 3383\| 2000 | 375|2000 SIS 2500) 4 66|2504| 34|2200| 4 BZ|2500| F.90| 2500 | FFole500 | H7/ |e> 00 6.(3|3e00| 559| 400 | F5.73| 3000 | £59) 398°) S72 | FOO0O| S7P Fo0o| $.72)| Z000 OB JOE. JOG. WE. 12 S24 73 oO 400 c /OO 2 | eo oe MO CL | /Oo OD JE0 Q {OO 023\| S00\ 0/3 | soeloaso | oeolosz | see |o0/8 |FeeChe/7 | F000 | esZ | se0 07814000) 262 | Yeoo| esG | /e00|os8 | 1000] 075" |/20° | aé3 [KC0° | Ca/ | 7ecee 205 |\/s00| (70 \/500| (60 |\/500| 468 \/F 29] 482 |\/200 176 |/2 @6| fog |/2 9 406 |Z000| 330 | 2000| 379 | 2000) B35 |202°| B66 | 2000 3.77| 2ece| 357-| 2000 S520|2500 | 46Z |25001f 60 |2500| Jae |2500| AST |25 COVA AB | 25 C2 | A7B PSB O 6.06|Z000 | £57 | 2000) $56|3000 | £87 | 22000| 572|3000| 870/300 P| 2 oy|3a700 13% 132 ¢4%\_ (74 | 204 224 2 a /O00 QO SOO Lo CO {Oe a {Oo a JOO Co SOO 2924) Fo0\lesf¢ | 200) ov | Seo |azZ | 200 | 2/7 | S00 | Q26 | Fe0 [Ass | ove O96 |\/000| 263 |/060 | aZz8|e00|0.8/ | /o00 265 | 1000 \DBB | 1°29 | OSg|/000: 454 VAS OOVLIT | 7500] G3 |/s ee] 240 | 700 LIE |prooNZ.2E |\7FC01 47 O |fS0° 323|Z2000| 390 | 2000| 23/ |\z000| 434| 2000] 3,72|2Z2000\9./3 | Z000| ZeF| 209° F33|2500 4g4 25001 APE \2500| S9F| 25001P BOl2500 £28| 2500| FES | 2500 5:22 |3000| $75) 3000] £38)| B0¢0| 6/3 |Fov0| FEB) Go00 | Es Bl 3700 | 267 | F309 eh —_ Jessy Semes * Fb 25% 26% 274 | 284 284 29% 3/4. Sm Low | Smy,| LoD | Smm| Lodo| Smml Loao| S,..| Lo Smm| £092 Sme,| L082 Oo JOO \ O | 100 oO S00 oO | soo oO 100 Oo /00 2 | foo 6.18, 500 | a/Z | 500 | 0/3 | F700 | a BF D00|0/2Z 50042007 | S009 10./8| S00 0.66 \y000 156 |/000 | AGZ /o00| (2.76 JOOV0\O FZ \/OMO YASS | 7060) OGZ|/000 173 |\/800|) 1x9 |/500 | 1@0| 500 \1.9F| /900| 156 |/200| 157 | /F 001/60 |/500 3287) 2000| B0/ | 2000| a55°| 2000] F/O| 2000| 430 | 2000) 3./2Z|2Z000| 327|Z0d00 4EG | 2500 | 437 |\Z5CC| 4 6E| 2500| 507 |2500| AS8| 250 | F4F3 | 2500 FIG 2500 S68 3000| 542) Boco| <50| B000| 3176| Z000| ss/|Z000| £40| B000| 7¥oO|3o00 33 244 | 364 36 4 374 FO FIA Oo fOC | O | feu g /00 a soe | oO S00 ° 7 OO og 7/00 08 | 200 | O// | S00 | 2/5" 500 |809 | F004 00F| F200 | A/3| 200 | I.13 | Fee PF |/000| 0a 56 | (909 PSC | 00°} 950 |/000\ OBE | 1002 | 656 | (0004 I33 /O@0 53 |\/800\ 456 | (500 | LEZ | 1500) Lf |S OOK LFS | /8O0| L553 [1500 | LS / (PE? 325 |Z2000| 304| 2000] 222| 2 000] 327 |Z000| 308 |2000| Z2F8| 2000) 3 34, 2000 F601 Z2500\9F6| 2500| F.80| 2500\ 53 | 2500| 4SC|2500|F 39S | 2500 | F#50| 2500 S77) B000 | ZF 8! 300) 560} B000| 2F2Z| 3000 | SSC\3000| SY | 3000 | 3. 37| 3000 50% | 3/4 $74 | 565 | 60Z | 62 6F % o fO0y Oo | 720 | 2 | feo] 8 | voo| 8 SOC Qi yo| oo /O0 8/2 | S00|Of2| S00 |a/fo | 200 | A/4¢\ S00 | A// | 5P0|098 | Xe | 2/2 | x00 OSF| (000 | 057 |10002|Q5/ |/200 OS7 | /CO°O\) 0 5/\/200 047 /000_ OTF-| (000 LSE (S00 | (SF |/S00 | LSE |/S00 | (FF | (S00 | /7B | (S00 | /FE | 75204 ss/ | Seo 456 | 2000| 3/8 | 2000 | 337 | 2000| 326 | Zo0v0| ».e7| 2040) AZO|Z000 | 3 06| Zo00 FEF) 2200 4.48\ 2500 #63 \|2500|45/ | 250014 F/ |29 ee GAB | 2500\ AS42500 $50 Fov0 5.40)\ 3000) S5/ | B000| SHEL | BOL) F359 13000) 5 2§| Bove| HP8| 3000 674 692 Tl 734 75 83 S7 oe fO0 oO | 70°44 @ Joe | 2 | 60 2 | yoo ra) JOO ro) ZOO 0.20|\ 800 10/¢| 500 |2.20| 00 | 10 | 500 |008| s00|av/ | 500 | aso | S00 263/900 JOSS \1000 | O66 | (000 fo $5 /000\QIO JOOONIOSY |/OO519 SF yoo | /7Z\/900\ ($B |/500 | 17/ |/220 | /F83 | /S0°| (FO | 500 | KF0 | 7500 | /5FG \/500 BIS 2000) 34F\2000\3.67)\ 2000 | 393 \2000|326|2000| 307 |\2000 | BFZ|Zoov 5.02'2500|\F#F68\2500| 7 8F| 2600|466| 25° 00| JES |Z500| FFE |Z 500| FE3B2500 S66 | 3000 SFT) 3000) 5S9\3000\| 555 2000| $38 \ 3000) 5H0|3200| 552) 3000 87 IG 964 JOO SOF /OG 4/2 2 | soo 2 {PO o /Oo Oo | /A0e a SOO oO JOO Oo (OO O10 | F °° 1O/3 | 9°29 10.10 | 209 |A/Z | 20° | OS | 900 | A// | 500 | Aso | 500 097 |/000|2 54| /000| OF2\ 1000 |2 50 |/200| 047 \/000 | 0,50 |/o00| O50| /006 kia (S00 |/ 5A \/500 | L938 \/500|/PO|/300|/47 | /s00| 1.57 | 1500 | 493 | /S00 3/5 2000|3.39 2000 | Z9F 2000| Z282|2000| 3Z/|2000| 322 | Z000| 707 Zoo0 438 2500 |FEB 2556 |F BS| 2300 |F 33\20 00| 4 Fo| 2900| 437| 25 001A 36|250¢0 BB) B000 |S 3S 3000 | 5 A/\ 3000 | 5-944 3000 | 5.38 F000] 5 32Z' Fo 00| $F3| F000 35 LIM LU thelh SOGE TF LEIP S LEWES aoe COKE ESS ION 200 FSO 6 Kd 40k x Bs. 200 2350 20 «x x i i i x} Rareer on mr eA «33 00#Z ano > XxX 2000" Love Cc? J 000: 1000" ono co { Nta.e CHANGED IG ” Pwers Wird AAseinG | 156,900 Vie Ca nerPESS 10M Lao (Nominee OA. vy) (04-2008 2" “ of ct nw 52,100 Wa" ry 33 “4 SPuers Menreo “AUP ONO HELD 77 PHO Z HEAT. van for BO 2IUN.~ PENCE oa ¢ DSF ET ES OIBRBHE D> 8¢ So So GO %0 x%d 85 rao S16 ol (seo Hours : Q aera TENSE “STPENETH. oe = - du! CR PRT Diiiead SHEET ws SHEET THICKNESS 2 . <a eon ae = ae Baca cape U8 | oe ees ree er Badd, ae ai pen ae £ VENB/L & ‘tie at coe LOBE nee || 1) 3780 i 2oeod feZ| vé AB VG ot BHO 3631 2825" OF Cee S2E 1 eF OG6O 164: 3B35|23.23 2107 B70. SEN ay SEA EB¢O 2E1b |, OFS O\ 02880) 2333, an BASIN S29 | OF FE| OG 70 |EF JOE — | 73 7 Za oY TEST. SERIES" 7 38 DHLAUC OF SIULTIPLE SOW ETS IN_A JrOW on 26 S737 WiwEer ge IO BP BALLET x coe nce en we 4 | Oo CGC Oo ¢€ C8 C i C or < ae 7 “ ae _ nna 1 ¥ git A99O MOF M07 70000; 35600 ‘| Bo vars / 990. GSBO /O66 . 2| 2 eo BSG jor 1 | 2 1/898 | 19% | 2222) //// \49.250\ 35700) |3) 2 ny (BS9O /067 7 va | | /O6F 38-700 F4900 2 3 w “ BI20 , /OFO 27600. / 3 ver SP FO | FIO logs Ave 1042 (3 7%600 IZISO Z| 9 os 9440 (IFO 3} 9 » 2860 /05/ Ly | 4 |\/895°) /PPFO|4330 (080 - Ave, AOGB BPP 02 BB 7 2,4 15 ABO fO7S _ 3B) 4 a |F#220 | (O55 |/| 72 8 754/990 JO Bac JOB | | Ave, ; i , | 1070 38,750: F¢FO0 2) o 4 {2708 (O78 ; 3B] so | 4 0280 1028 | | 7 5 | 4875 1990 | F470 | (OGS" | Ave OkL BI 250 G3. B06 2 a , S#ZO (OES : 3) F “ ZS. LPO SOFC Ji Ww | AEIBN AIGO | /1GB co SOE: o | Ave (077 | 88 I§Q| FFEOG} “f “ ' 1 f£/G6 oO (01 F- . “/. “ a LLFCO/OCE 7 3) G6 a 64/0 /O6B / | 72 Vs 73°| S990 26 90 JOS 7 | Ave OF FBE026 33 G0 2 Z "42 660 SOE 5 31/2 ‘ “ SEFEOLOFO ° P47 787571990 robe! rove! | Ss (251 3850 33802 12 | 7 ‘ vf 2560 JOBE | Narqitan Aine 2 O2 Fae 3| 7 “ » lose yore POrenewe Were oe OF! Ave y 082. 3 4200 3% S00 AE fivers ei wel Fare SUWWkTANE OUSLY Vv £ 1 ' £ fi i Fo Mm vuames 44 .nd 46. eherts have been pioticd for oe riveted lac joint bused on the folloving Torm- ules for rivet failure. om a. c= 2 ees ~necrine ff wd 5s = forse toucen per rivet = shearing ultimate = diaseter of rivet. Bering s = Sdf, fh = Speen nd gs PP pay agen oe me fo Ea SR ata IN AD + }Sf4 f_ = tearing ultimate 2 = oiteh of rivets oD Gritieul Dia. ds £ Je ¢ 4 PMten © = (fp + 13a anes f C2 rg gets ce pote oO oe fond et she vulucs of fs, fp, and fy used were taken from test results on puges 5 W424 ond wre us follows. Using S4esrt sheet and vst round Rheud rivets. fed _— - 2 65000 -fa ® fp = 110000 “fa ™ Fe vos teken from the curve on page 5 since it is a funetion of the rivet pitehe voing :4srt sheet and 1lYst ceuntercunk rivets, (vhere the rivet head is coumtersunk into the sheet} fg F 07.006 "fg " f= 80000 Ya" fy as before was taken from page 3s: oneplccarrcagernnss The veluc for the edge distunce "ef ws teken as F/ In veading the charts one usually starts with the olute thisimess and follows that linc elong until it intorseets the sheer curve. This gives the critiect rivet diameter. The nearest evailable rivet diameter is ehonen (mreferably lu ger} end the streigth re.d off on the seule of ordinetes at the Lift, the ordinate of the glate thickness line being used if the rivet diameter is a eve the critic 1] figure, while the ordinate of the shear popebole is chosen if the ciameter is below the critical. vo find the piteh and edge distunes “e", vrecd dom from the chosen diameter, end take the nearest convenient hy piteh lerser then that given by the mrach if a riveted lap joint is déstened vy the wse of these churts, or by the sume e.uations used in sonnte ructing these churts, the joint will hve aprroximtely euual streneth in cll the phaces in which failure usually oceurse “his combinction gives the riveted joint the auximma efficiency that cun »« obtained for the type of joint and values of fg, fp, ond fs used. This is the combination thet would be used in design unless economy is the design factore In such a c.se the viteh of the rivets would probably be increuset to themaximim relue that would still permit the joint to curry the designed load and et the same time keep its desired appearance. Economy seens to be of major ixportance in tue present design vraetice of riveted joints. Not only is the simplest type of riveted joint used (which has low efficiency) but the practice is to reduce the eff. still F2 urther by increasing the piteh to « maximum. A change from this kind of design practice will probably come through 2 simplification of the riveting methods. It would be interesting at this point te see the affect of changing the values fs, fb, ond ft, in a single riveted lap joint, while designing the joint to sive maximum efficiency. That is, the folloving e vations will be the eriterian for design. wd {2 Sadie (PASH 4 Under these conditions it is interesting to note thet the shearing ultimate "f,", of the rivets used has no effect what so ever on the efficiency of the riveted joint. “his is evident from the ecuation for efficiency. The efficiency of a single riveted lap joint will be - rf. = (Td) fy x{oo Where BP is the ultimate tinsile PF. é rt ES t strength of the sheet. Gubsituting the eriticel value: for "p* ang *d® we have « ff. = Lee ) BR (bth elf tb She affect of doubleing fs, fb, and ft seporotely is shorm on pare 46. The sheet thickness "8" was ageuped constant throughout. The values given are bosed on wmityas the orginal value. Avi ineresse in beuring strength seems to be the most desirable since it not only increases the effic- F3 iency out reduces the labor cost by increasing the pitch. However the weight of rivets used and weight of joint is increased due to the inerease in rivet diameter reyuirede 4A high tearing value is -ery desirable for effic« iency but has unfavorable cost and veight increase. & low shexring valine is desirable for econony, but it increases the weitht of the rivets and joint by increasing the rivet diameter reyuired. the efficiency is unchanged. The writer gratefully acknowledges the advice and assistance of De. Ae Le Mlein, Ire Ee Be Sochlar, Professor A. EH. Raymond and ir. Vebater. The writer is also indebted to the Douglas Aircraft Company for the furnishing of the speelmens tested. 44 a ae} an cer / cae) oe _ fase osarance i ' Zaga. KL t AEULME To j ‘oy ar aert. fe r eo ae LEMLELE t aoe rie.|. NET | i | Dedeup Semanal DLV IL if <a FEAR SONNE | te BAST. : ; Ve GEE PE? La AG etrears TGA ' me MAES] A rpaarie. Sheep : gs ‘ ' RN gy a: ee ee bye Are sof “Are mL ve. eran NSRP) ao azar, S i i Perverts are OresninG ST7ENGTH OF PLATE, Fh, are PT PEENE] TOS SYEIPING . £00). Ivo “toa: LNSFTAN EE CO ra AIOE, LOO FOO 300} SOD... L Py 7TCH OF SPwer ~ AS) FOUL CR Br eae wwe QNELE JRL ETED £4 SOINT. f[37 freoene ar Greaney AERO IPvers cn RP ELET.. = arr DME ETA. a7 Cemras7re Dye are: ve Seve rt = FZ000 Jez Cirirware Gearing Srreencrae = (70, 000 Wie” VAESIE VPILUES WERE TAKEN FIROM TEST (PESULTS v7 ON FRGES oo nN KR Dr : Ya FOUL OE o LY / vA BERING / / .20 25° dene 4 “32. 4 “44 Ao LMACIETEIP OF LFYVET- : | Of 7 | | eee £ edge Asiazce “eo” | ie ne ! a ee : : Oo : 46 2 ‘ o000g = F .,G,ccovor =F, Ley F + BE FF DN/ST? ONY tNOLE NOD 7 Ss, DANIELS LISS OI7TB@N0T BZ ALINIULE ONIVEDS, ’ 9 4 = 2 lege O07 = Lo, 9°° 09 ws ON’1S/7 ONG LNOLENOD ,.S. ONIEVIISSY OF TIBNOG Uo MLONIULE ON OTL HANOLENO? ; S&S, ONIN SES OF TEOG Fo MLINIMLS O9NMOPFN LS YAY ‘ YF PNIONCHD SO LIISIY T+, f, Za Ze) { 4NIOP so A2UG12 7 / S % CrA% Peles 2 S20 ) jee4s wselajAgao yo | ZT I 98/1 & ‘ORY SLEALY JOLNDIBY Z2/ le O vA ONILIAIAL SO L807 vor 7. Zoa/ leo vA OLY UIA wv2etiny ZI0 GS2E % GLIAL SO NAL oof & , / + j APNMAL M2 GIO | Zz . zZ 4 LIML, 0 “1g 2 ¢ ~ 2 2 *9 ’ ern? 02 F 110 200 GD zi ge? O02 = py PO FD y de relerences -leines , Wilhelm 6S Li abaun Go. ae Bs aiveted Jeints S6ennical a = e cae rm) s hiveting in Jetal Airplane Sy Soustruction. - sechnical e véveting of in AL Jenorandums uo. he L0V~ ohne wenerandum No. Ludi